Intracellular Bacteria Survival Strategies

intracellular bacterium Survival StrategiesSurvival strategies of intracellular bacteria to amoeba grazingFree living amoebae are unicellular protozoan that are ubiquitous in various environments. They mainly feed on bacteria by means of phagocytosis, and kill them in phago any(prenominal), which is a harsh acidic environment that contains variant antimicrobial weapons. Amoebae grazing has been suggested to be one of the major forces that shaping bacterial abundance and diversity. However, some bacteria have developed strategies to arrive phagocytosis by emancipate-living amoebae and are able to exploit array cell resources. Below we try to restart our current knowledge on the diverse mechanisms that are used by intracellular pathogens to overcome amoebae defenses.The virtually obvious strategy is to race from the phagosome so that intracellular pathogens can avoid amoebae killing. Because phagosome is generally viewed as a harsh environment where ingested bacteria are conf ronted with acidification, oxidative burst, nutrient deprivation, and various antimicrobial small molecules. For instance, some members of the genus Mycobacterium, such as Mycobacterium marinum and M. tuberculosis, have evolved the ability to escape from phagosome into the host cytosol. This process requires the mycobaterial role septette secretion system ESX-1. In addition, both M. marinum and M. tuberculosis can be ejected from the cell through an F-actin twist ejectosome to spread cell to cell 1,2. In general, cytosol is considered as permissive for bacterial growth, as it provides nutrients and is protected from host immune killing 3. Therefore it is an ideal place for bacteria to thrive subsequently escaping from phagosome. However, some intracellular pathogens can invade more unusual intracellular niches such as the eukaryotic nucleus. This includes in the free living amoebae Naegleria clarki 4 and more recently in another amoeba strain Hartmannella sp. 5. These so called intranu pass by bacteria are relatively rare and current studies suggest an independent evolutionary origin of an intranuclear life style. Taken together, after escaping intracellular bacteria can live in either cytosol or nucleus.The second strategy is to retard within the phagosomal vacuole, but subvert its antimicrobial mechanisms. These include preventing phagosome-lysosome fusion, modulating phagosomal pH, damaging phagosomal membranes, and/or quenching oxidative bursts 6. Intracellular pathogens can utilize a combination of these approaches. For instance, legionella pneumophila has evolved a complex system which allows the bacteria to commandeer the phagocytic vacuole 7. It can evade the endocytic pathway and the subsequent phagosome-lysosome fusion, delays its acidification and establishes a safe intracellular niche called Legionella containing vacuole (LCV), which allows intracellular replication 7,8. Further studies suggest that L. pneumophila uses the Icm/Dot type IV sec retion system (T4SS) and the Lsp type II secretion system (T2SS) to avoid killing and exploit host resources 7,9. There are bundle of other bacteria using similar strategies 10. However, a very special case is that some intracellular pathogens can exploit the complex stave of the social amoeba. In the amoeba farming symbiosis, our lab root has found that some wild Dictyostelium discoideum clones stably associate with different bacterial partners and use them as fodder and weapons 11-14. These clones are called farmers because they can seed and harvest their roams in new environments 14. In addition, two clades of inedible Burkholderia bacteria have been found to induce farming, causing the amoeba host to carry them, along with edible crop bacteria 11. Another recent case shows that Bordetella bronchiseptica can also exploit the complex life cycle of D. discoideum. Interestingly, B. bronchiseptica resides outside the D. discoideum spores, while the carried Burkholderia localize both inside and outside of spores, indicating these two bacteria have different exit strategies.Overall, the majority of intracellular pathogens occupy phagosomal vacuole, while only some are able to escape the phagosome 6. This is possibly due to the fact that specialized mechanisms are needed to escape from phagosome 3,6. There is no clear relationship between the type of survival strategies and whether the microbe is an obligate or facultative intracellular pathogen 6.References1. 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