Murdock and Talcott Parsons Views on Family

Murdock- George Peter Murdock(1949) treasured to know if the family was non just cultural however universal (he claimed that it was universal). * parking bea residence * Economic co-operation * Adults including both sexes * At least two gravel soci all toldy approved sex * One or to a greater extent(prenominal) than children * biologic or adopted This he thought was theuniversal minimum. Which adults had sexual coitions depended on theculture. He believed the nuclear family was the universal marrow of the worlds large potpourri of phylogenetic relation arrange custodyts. From this afamily could be panopticvertically (with upper generations) or horizontally (with brothers and sisters of those with offspring).A criticism of Murdock was that to claim something is universal, it unless needs unmatched elision to falsify it. Kathleen Gough falsified Murdocks theory with her study of the Nayar Women of India. Before r each(prenominal)ing puberty, Nayar women in India were married to a valet de chambre according to the Ta ilkttukalydnam rite. This three days of real or mock defloration might be their last living contact. From then(prenominal) on, as mother, each woman would take up to 12 sandbanham husbands, who visited her one at a time at night. A man could throw off an unlimited number of wives.The woman kept her room in the ho go for, and it was first come, first served to supper and bed, so a man too later(a) would sleep on the verandah of the house. So women getting pregnant could have any one of up to 12 as the father. So one of them of allude sub-caste (social class) decl atomic number 18d as the father (whether he was or not) and gave a evidence of cloth and/ Clearly women getting pregnant could haveany one of up to 12 as the father. Soone of themof equal sub-caste decl atomic number 18d as the father (whether he was or not) and gavea present of cloth and/ or vegetables to the attending midwife.A frequent visitor might steer lu xuries at festivals. That was it. The men weremercenary warriorsand gaveno attention to raising childrenor staying with the woman. brook for the women instead came frombrothers, sisters, and children of the sisters and daughters. The matrilineal family provided all her essentials. Theeldest male was leader of each kin group. So the women lived not in families, entirely in family relationship groups (mothers, sisters and brothers), and she had her role for sexual activity with the men over which she had considerable in-person cotrol.Descent was down the stable female line in terms of charting the address of children, given that any man could be the father. The important point here(predicate) is that * thither wasno economicalal unitregarding husbands and wives. * There wasno sh are of the residencebetween husbands and wives. * Only thewomen at heart their supporting kinship groups lived with children. * either relationship affection from the manwas tabooand resisted by the kinship group. There are two possibilities here, then, regarding Murdock and his definition of the family. It istoo narrow, or * It isnot universal. It is the separate parent family, especially female-headed, that is themost direct criticismof Murdock. Yet this is a minority, and the family may at least have begun as a two sex nuclear family and, furthermore, the nuclear family is preferred by him. Thenuclear family may spredicate function better as a family but this is unproven. til now there are varieties of arrangements for raising children thatstretch Murdocks definition to breaking point. TALCOTT PARSONS-The pre-industrial company is pictured as one where people are divided into kinship groups called lineages each of which is held to be descended from a familiar ancestor. Another form of family in pre-industrial society is found in traditional peasant societies such(prenominal) as the Irish farming community studied by C. M. Arensberg and S. T. Kimball in their tur n tail Family and Community in Ireland. This traditional Irish family is a patriarchal elongate family. It is also patrilineal since property is passed from father to son. According to Talcott Parsons the free nuclear family is the typical form in modern industrial society.It is isolated from the across-the-board family, and there is a breakdown of kinship. The checkment of the isolated nuclear family is, in his opinion, the product of a process of structural dissimilariation the process by which social institutions become more and more specialized in the functions they perform. The isolated nuclear family is in operation(p)ly necessary and generates to the integration and harmony of the social and economic system as a whole. The family needs to be isolated because of its functional role in ascribing stead. Status in industrial society as a whole is achieved and not ascribed.However, within the nuclear family location is ascribed kind of than achieved, thus reversing the pattern that exists outside the family. What this means is that within the family the father has precondition as the father, whilst outside the family his status might be very different. His achieved status economically does not affect his status as a father. However, if the family was extended then a conflict could a come near. Another way of putting this is that the family ascribes particularistic set whilst society ascribes universalistic determine.The conflict between the two sets of values is minimized by the isolation of the nuclear family. William Goode in World variety and the Family also argues that industrialization undermines the institution of the extended family. He claims this is because (a) movements of individuals between different regions (b) higher levels of social mobility (c) the erosion of the functions of the family, these being taken over by external organizations such as schools, businesses and the state (d) the great signifi bottomlandce of achieved st atus undermining the value of status within the family and in kinship groups.According to Goode members of a family restrict in role bargaining. What this means is that they will main(prenominal)tain kinship relationships if such relationships bring them rewards commensurate to their efforts to maintain them. In incident, developments in communication and sway make it feasible to maintain kinship relationships, but in do modern industrial society means that individuals gain more by rejecting kinship relationships than by maintaining them.He supports this point by noting how extended family patterns are more frequent among members of the upper classes since for individuals in the family maintaining family connections can bring economic benefits. The main Functionalist theorists of the family are G P Murdock and Talcott Parsons. Murdock argued on the basis of his studies that the nuclear family was a universal social institution and that it existed universally because it fulfille d four radical functions for society the sexual, reproductive, economic and education functions.Other non-Functionalist sociologists have argued, however, that the existence of the Nayar, the single matrifocal families common among Afr0 Caribbeans and increasingly common more prevalently and the small number of sprightly and lesbian families are suggest that the nuclear family is not in fact universal. The Functionalist office on the family has been further developed by Talcott Parsons whose theories focus severely on nuclear, heterosexual families to the exclusion of other family forms.The main aspects of Parsons theory as developed in the USA in the 1950s were as follows 1. industrial enterprise led to the gradual replacement of extended families by nuclear families because industrialisation demands greater geographical and social mobility 2. industrialisation leads also to processes of structural preeminence which implies that new more specialised social institutions such as factories, schools and hospitals develop to take over some of the functions previously performed by families 3. his means thereof that the nuclear family loses some of its functions but it remains crucial in relation to the two functions which it does retain the socialisation of the young and the stabilisation of adult personalities 4. within nuclear families roles are allocated between husbands and wives in accordance with the assumed slavish characteristics of males which makes them more suited to paid employment outside of the home and the assumed communicatory characteristics of females which makes them more suited to childcare and domesticated meet. Ronald Fletcher also analyses the family from a Functionalist perspective but he denies that the modern nuclear family has lost functions to the extent suggested by Talcott Parsons. Thus Fletcher argues that even if the family is no longer a unit of doing , it is a unit of consumption which can be appealed to by advertiser s neat to sell a wide range of household appliances so as to maintain profits. too parents do supplement school education by providing advice and helper more effectively than in the past greater understanding of fodder and exercise may mean that the family can play a greater role in health maintenance and also given the limitations of the welfare State, the family, and especially women within the family may continue to play a study role in the care of elderly relatives some of whom may not wish to enter old peoples homes. The Community Care initiatives of Conservative Governments 1979-97 may have increased family responsibilities in this respect. * Marxism and The FamilyThe main elements of the Marxist approach to the compendium of the family may be listed as follows. 1. Whereas according to Functionalists the socialisation process as it operates within the family (and elsewhere) is seen as encouraging conformity with desirable norms and values which contribute to overall soci al stability, according to Marxists the socialisation process in the family and elsewhere results in the transmission of a notion class ideology whereby individuals are deceived into take aiming the capitalist system and the dominance of the capitalist class more or less without question.Especially children are encouraged to ask parental ascendance more or less without question in the family which prepares them to accept sanction more or less without question in the work place in later life. 2. The growth of the home centred privatised family encourages concentration on family concerns, relatively orthodox interests and relatively, moderate mainstream semipolitical views at the expense of wider loyalty to ones work mates and more active and radical engagement with political issues which thereby reduces the likelihood of meaningful political action to challenge the capitalist system. . insofar as the family operates as a unit of consumption it can be targeted by advertisers to encourage the increasing purchase of goods and operate upon which the continuing favorableness of capitalist industries depends. 4. It has been argued by some Feminists in criticism of Marxism that it concentrates excessively on growth of the working class and not enough on the evolution of women. 5. However Marxist Feminists do give more attention to the evolution of women within the family.For example the family produces labour at low cost to the capitalist system in that wives are not paid directly for behavior the children or for their upkeep. 6. Also wives also provide a range of services for their husbands at far less than their market value. If wives were paid fair fight for all of these services, employed husbands would also have to be paid ofttimes more which would reduce the profitability of capitalism. 7. Wives may also absorb the frustrations of their husbands which other might be turned against the capitalist system.Marxists argue that it is the frustration s of working in the capitalist system which are the main, even if indirect cause of domestic violence. 8. Since umteen women see themselves as mainly housewives if they are actually in paid employment and become unemployed they are much more prepared to return to their housewife role without criticism. According to Marxists they are a part of a Reserve Army of Labour which can be hired when demand for goods and services is high and work is plentiful but dismissed relatively easily when economies fall into economic recession.The capitalist system is toneed by this flexibility to hire and dismiss workers as economic circumstances change. * StructuralFunctionalism, Marxism, the Family and Socialisation An Exercise Let us use the following exercise to illustrate the differing approaches of Structural Functionalists and Marxists to the socialisation process as it operates in the family. a According to Structural Functionalists capitalism is democratic, economically efficient, unequal b ut fair and meritocratic.Because the capitalist system works well in the interests of all of its members there will limited conflict in society and a consensus that the capitalist system is working well and should be continued in the future. To promote the continuation of capitalism individuals will be socialised in the family and elsewhere to accept norms and values which will promote the continued existence of capitalism which , as stated is beneficial to all. b According to Marxists capitalism is rule both economically by the Bourgeoisie and at the expense of the put-upon proletariat grossly unequal as a result of which many members of the proletariat live a rotten existence with little meet to develop their potential dominated politically by the Bourgeoisie whose political influence is hidden by the sham institutions of a pretend democracy.In such a situation you might expect the Proletariat to rise up in revolt but they do not do so partly because they are socialised to acc ept not a set of norms and values which operates to their own advantage but a ruling class ideology which is a set of ideas which prevents the proletariat from realising the causes of their exploitation and encourages them to accept the very capitalist system which is actually the source of their discontents. Assignment put down the following table. The sections marked ** are already complete although you might like to extend them further. Aspects of Family Socialisation Implications for Individual and Society For Talcott Parsons the key functions of the nuclear family are the socialisation of the young and the stabilisation of adult personalities. Children are socialised to accept the authority of the parents and to accept the key values and norms of their society. For Functionalists this means that children begin to insure that legitimate authority should be accepted in school and employment which will enhance learning capacity and economic efficiency.Marxists believe that whe n children are socialised to accept authority this can have adverse consequences for the individual in later life because The Functionalist Talcott Parsons argues that in the 1950s and 1960s the core values of US society are beliefs in meritocracy and individual action so that career progress is possible if sufficient efforts are make this is the so-called American Dream. Children are socialised within the family to accept these values For Functionalists such values are functional for the system i. e. ontribute to the stability of the system because. For Marxists it is rather simply a myth that US society is organised on meritocratic principles but belief in the myth inhibits criticism of the system. Also preoccupation with ones own achievements detracts from consideration of the direction which society as a whole is taking. The above point may be taken to imply that children will also be socialised to believe in the prerequisite of a competitive spirit and to measure their pr ogress and even their contentment in terms of their income, wealth and possessions. For Functionalists such attitudes are beneficial becauseMarxists are detailed of such attitudes because **Children may be socialised to accept that family loyalties are more important than loyalties to other groups i. e. they are socialised to believe that line of reasoning is thicker than water or that charity begins at home. For Functionalists such values strengthen the family and help it to fulfil its functions. For Marxists family solidarity may weaken social class solidarity and /or dissuade children from consideration of wider issues related to the inequities of capitalism. According to Parsons traditional gender roles are appropriate because they are in accordance with the instrumental characteristics of men and the expressive characteristics of females. Children are socialised in various ways to accept these traditional gender roles. Note that Feminist sociologists including Marxist Femin ists are especially critical of the Functionalist analysis of gender roles. For Functionalists this is beneficial for the individuals concerned and for the society as a whole becauseMarxists and Feminists are critical of the Functionalist approach to gender roles socialisation because.. Children may be socialised to accept the general political attitudes of their parents which are often but not always likely to involve some support for existing giving democratic institutions, voting for one of the main political parties and a general absence of political radicalism For Functionalists such political views are beneficial because Marxists are critical of such political attitudes because **The Family and the stabilisation of adult personalities. Functionalists argue that men and women can lead happy and fulfilling lives as a result of the turbid personal relationships which are forged within families and, in addition, family life helps to get through some of the tensions which ari se out of work conditions and relationships. Marxists agree that family life can be happy and fulfilling but they emphasise that capitalism results in exploitation and alienation which are likely to create tensions within many families. Although in some cases family life can make capitalism bearable , only the ending of capitalism can result in human emancipation.