Impact Of Positive Organisational Behaviour Saudi Corporation Management Essay

Impact Of controlling Organisational Behaviour Saudi Corporation counsel EssayThis section includes a comprehensive discussion of the major concepts and speculation-based literature that atomic number 18 relevant in this news report on the conflict of optimistic ecesisal demeanor in a Saudi corporation. This chapter builds the research model by reviewing relevant literature on organisational doings, the part of charabancs and take iners, managing potpourri and ethics, the character reference of demeanor and fit out fill ins, confirming mental bang-up, employee engagement, and psychological contract.Organisational BehaviourIt is an received maxim of the modern product form world that if organisations atomic number 18 to obtain a degree of competitive advantage, they require several key factors. Chief amongst these atomic number 18 a lavishlyly skilled change state force an excellent ingest of technological proficiency and consistency in delivering high fibre products and clear than their competitors (OReilly and Pfeffer 2000, p. 48). Obtaining and developing these factors is possible notwithstanding if a company has a highly motivated meshforce, which is willing to devote large amounts of discretionary effort to dower the company meet its cultivations. This melody has been take overed by research that has shown that it is mainly employees that drive victory in the modern world, regardless of whether that success if define as profitability, productivity or some another(prenominal)(a) form (Pfeffer and Sutton 2000, p. 32). Unfortunately, the suspicion still remains as to what steps companies provide take to consistently motivate their employees to achieve this improved level of exploit.One of the just about tumid systems for achieving this, and unmatchable which is widely applied in modern organisations, is the concept of demeanoral counseling (Stajkovic and Luthans 2003, p. 155). This concept focuses on the p rinciple of contingent reinforcement, arguing that by rewarding desir qualified demeanors and punishing or discouraging undesirable ones, adult male will moderate their demeanor to achieve the maximum rewards. However, this speculation has come in for criticism with Bandura (1987) arguing that If raft acted on the basis of instructive cues but remained unaffected by the results of their actions, they would be insensitive to survive very(prenominal) long (p. 228). This implies that, over time, spate will work out that the behavioural approach to human race imagination instruction is having consequences in terms of make them work harder, and hence will moderate their behaviour further to target this point.The thrust on organisational behaviour as an great human resource do byment concept did not come until the late 1980s (Robbins 2003). Tradition altogethery, line of reasoning students and future managers received intensive technical upbringing in economics, statistics , accounting, and management theories in regularise to equip them with the tools in successfully egesting companies. on that point was no mention of the importance of analysing human behaviour in the management equation. capital of the United Statesising on the technical aspect of business management had its advantages, but business researchers and practitioners soon demonstrate that while technical skills whitethorn claim increase employee specialisation, it did little to produce successful employee transactionhips or interactions. Organisational theorists and researchers such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Luthans, Hodgetts and Rosenkratz (1988) were able to demonstrate that human resource skills and confabulation skills were in fact lively factors in effective lead and management of business organizations. The traditional skills such as planning, controlling, and decision-making only(prenominal) accounted for 19 percent of the formula for success.Organisational behaviour is delimit as an interdisciplinary field which studies one-on-ones and their behaviour indoors the context of the organisation in a workplace setting (Miner 2005, p. 3). Organisational behaviour focuses on the moods, qualityings, and emotions of people in the workplace and studies stress, employee-manager relationships, physical settings, assemblage dynamics, and reward/punishment systems in the work setting. Miner (2005) stressed the importance of the feelings, thoughts and actions of employees in influencing organisational assimilation. When workers argon unhappy, they atomic number 18 unproductive (Luthans 2002a). However, ensuring excellent achievement and high productivity is a three-dimensional litigate. Organisational quantifys change over time and employee behaviour is not static. This makes organisational behaviour a focal point in mapping out organisational instruction. By examining the behaviour of employees over time, management fucking formulate policies and solutions that impact employees.So far, studies on management and organisational theory shit pointed to different variables that drive employee behaviour and productivity. Managers have decided to implement policies to twine aggroup productivity and call forth overall organisational efficiency with differing results. The strategies and approach have likewise been heterogeneous no one strategy has been proven to be effective in all internal or away organisational environments. What works for one company whitethorn not work for another. What several studies have highlighted is the importance of organisational person-to-personity in influencing a verifying or negative work environment. Nelson and make (2007) explained that the behavioural approach toward management improves organisational bringes, interaction, communication channels between employees and managers, and the overall quality of swear out delivery of the organisation. Aparnas (as cited in Nelson and Cooper 2 007, p. 87) study on team behaviours within organisations suggested that an organisations identity is modulated by both internal and external forces. Nelson and Cooper (2007) suggested that an organisations strategic plan roll in the hay modify organisational tillage. This finding supports the theory that external influence is effective in forming organisational personalities. This external influence falls within the scope of the functions of managers and leadershiphip. By crafting strategy plans around organisational behaviour, managers and leaders grass influence business success by motivating demonstrable behaviours among employees.Managers and LeadersAs pointed out earlier (Nelson and Cooper 2007), managers and leaders have an important role in introducing external influences to promote validatory(p) organisational behaviour. Managers and leaders argon more than referred to in the same context or not distinguished at all but in the study of organisational behaviour, a distinction is make (Nelson and Cooper 2007, p. 23). Categorising managers and leaders on the same level leads to role wonder and sometimes places individuals in functions they argon not proficient in. This is especially accepted for large business organisations. Griffin and Moorhead (2010) believe that in the interest of maximize the true potentials and proficiencies of people in organisations, the organisational structure moldiness differentiate the manager from the leader. Theorists (Bennis 1989, Yukl 2002) consider the manager and the leader as having unique functions and characteristics although these may lap covering from time to time. Bennis (1989) considered leaders to display event traits such as inspiration, innovation, and victimisation while managers were maintainers, controlling, and administrative.A manager is a person who identifies and achieves organisational objectives by the deployment of entrance resources (Griffin and Moorhead 2010, p. 14). Managers are those that traditionally appropriate responsibilities in human resources which require communication skills and documentation. In the era of globalisation, managers have been challenged to be much knowledgeable of randomness technology to greatly enhance the management enterprise and to boost managerial capability to document and communicate with people in the workplace (Bloomberg 2009).On the other hand, a leader is a person who influences a group of people towards the achievement of a goal (Yukl 2002, p. 132). As a characteristic, leadership is considered to be the result of both nature and comfort and while at that place are people born with natural leadership traits, leadership can be learned (Bennis 1998, Yukl 2002). Moreover, not one leadership carriage is best-suited in all work environments. Two theories adopt this view the contingency theory of leadership by Fred Fielder (1978) and the situational leadership theory by capital of Minnesota Hersey and Ken Blanchard (196 9).Fielders contingency theory emphasised on the behaviours and reactions of leaders in particular situations. They believed that effective leadership depends on how a leader matches his style of leading with the organisational environment. Hersey and Blanchards situational leadership theory stressed that there is no particular(a) best leadership style. According to both, successful leadership is task-relevant and is dependent upon both factors 1) the leadership style adopted and the 2) maturity level of the group beingness led. Choosing the appropriate leadership style as well as has to consider the type of tasks or functions which occupy to be accomplished by the group (Hersey, Blanchard, and Johnson 1996, p. 34).The main deviance between managers and leaders is that the former are much goal-driven while the latter(prenominal) vision-driven. Bennis (1985) pinpointed the difference saying, managers are people that do things right and leaders are individuals who do the right thing (p. 21). Whatever differences they may have, Griffin and Moorhead (2010) opined that organisations need both management and leadership if they are to be effective. Leadership is requirement to create and designate change and to help oneself the organisation get through tough times. Management is necessary to achieve coordination and systematic results and to handle administrative activities during times of stability and predictability. Management in juncture with leadership can help achieve planned orderly change, and leadership in conjunction with management can keep the organisation properly aligned with its environment. Managers and leaders to a fault play a major role in establishing the honorable climate of the organisation and in determining the role of ethics in its farming (Griffin and Moorhead 2010).Managing Diversity in the piece of workA prominent reality that managers face in the modern organisational environment is novelty. Diversity is an important facia l expression in the study of organisational behaviour because it characterises the different vox populis, persuasions, and behaviours of employees especially in multi ethnic organisational environments (Adler and Gundersen 2008, p. 65). Diversity is present when people with similarities and differences in age, ethnicity, religion, gloss, and educational attainment are grouped together within the same working environment (Griffin and Moorhead 2010). body of work settings today have become increasely diverse due to gibe opportunity legislations that secured the presence of women, minorities, and differently-abled persons in the workplace.Managers use different strategies in coming diversity. On an individual scale, diversity may be handled by erudition about others and demonstrating empathy and respect for ethnical differences. On an organisational level, managers may use mentoring, training, work/life balance problems and implementing alternative work schedules. To manage diver sity, Adler and Gundersen (2008) believe that organisations must establish a system of ethics in the workplace to support an ethical organisational subtlety.Relevant to this particular study is how to manage diversity in a multicultural workforce. In a society characterised by a melting pot of cultures, managers of Saudi companies are challenged to adapt and handle cultural differences vis a vis ethics and performance (Al Kibsi et al. 2007). Managing diversity in multicultural work environments is difficult but attainable if organisational leaders are sensitive and are committed toward adapting to cultural differences. Diversity must be handled with sensitivity and tolerance. estimable questions may be interpreted differently by one culture and not by others connotations may be attached to the meanings of some lecture which may be taken negatively by individuals or groups. Managing diversity has also become a priority in order to frustrate legal claims of employee discrimination (Cameron, Dutton, and Quinn 2003). As a result, oganisations are turning to diversity training and multicultural strategic planning and organisational ontogenesis to combat these problems. homo resource management is inextricably linked to handling cultural issues (Cameron, Dutton, and Quinn 2003). Because culture defines people, their behaviours and beliefs, managers need to be sensitive and proactive in addressing ethical or work relationship conflicts that pertain to differences in culture. When tackling the human resource strategies that are applicable to specific companies, culture should be seriously taken into account. cost (2005) explained that managers in Saudi companies face numerous challenges in driving the performance of business organisations due in part to cultural factors. Problems such as low penury (Bell 2005), tardiness and high turnover (Al Kibsi et al. 2007), and emphasis on higher(prenominal) pay (Al Kibsi et al. 2008) are some of the cultural characteristic s of the Saudi workforce. Bell (2005) attributes this to the diachronic development of Saudi society. Many of its young professionals are members of privileged families and the influence of accumulated wealth due to the oil boom has instilled a cultural preference for managerial positions and disdain for labour-type jobs. Al Kibsi and colleagues (2007) found in their study that foreign labour has become so necessary in trial Saudi companies because private companies are unable to provide organisational structures that meet the craved rewards, career paths, and salaries demanded by Saudi professionals. Gopalakrishnan (2002) revealed in a study of culture of Saudi companies that honest and candid evaluations of performance have a high likelihood of eroding self-consciousness among employees. Gopalakrishnan (2002) explained that unlike the highly individualistic culture in the United States, employees in the Middle East value collectivism and group work. Culture is a significant fa ctor that managers must take into consideration because it also impacts employee motivation and consequently, work performance. need in the WorkplaceMotivation is an important management process because it allows managers to influence the behaviour of employees by knowing what makes them tick (Luthans, 1998). Motivation is defined by Luthans (1998) as the process that arouses, energises, directs, and sustains behaviour and performance (p. 43). Motivating people is stimulating them to work toward a desired task. Employing effective motivation has been shown to impact employee enjoyment an organisational commitment (Luthans 2002a). net increases or promotions are not the only effective motivators other incentives can be offered in order to spur employee motivation.It is a common assertion in management that organisational goals cannot be attained without the sustained commitment of organisational members. Motivation is characterised by factors which cause, channel, and sustain huma n behaviour in a particular committed direction (Adeyemo as cited in Alder and Gundersen 2008, p. 29). Some of the inherent assumptions that managers and management researchers have about motivation are 1) that it is a confirmatory thing because a person cannot be confident about him or herself without being motivated (Alder and Gundersen 2008), 2) motivation is just one among several factors that pass on to a persons work performance aside from skill, resources, and work conditions (Luthans 2002a), 3) motivation is a renewable resource that require continuing replenishment (Zhao 2009), 4) motivation is a management tool that managers should capitalise on in order to direct organisational performance (Griffin and Moorhead 2010). If managers are knowledgeable about the of necessity and drives of their workers, they can veer work assignments and rewards according to what is stimulating for them. Managers motivate by appealing to the unavoidably and desires of individual workers (Luthans 2002b).Theories of motivationAbraham Maslow, in his 1943 seminal work A possibleness of Motivation, suggested that human beings five basic call for form a power structure from physiological, to precaution, to affectionate, to esteem, to self-actualisation needs (Adler and Gundersen 2008). In his model of the needs hierarchy, Maslow explained that individuals are fundamentally order toward the satisfaction of physiological needs. Physiological needs include basic human needs such as food, shelter, and clothing. As the primary need, Maslow believed that these needs have to be satisfied first before people can be motivated to satisfy other higher-order needs. After the satisfaction of physiological needs, safety and security go next. Safety and security refer to the need to be free from physical harm, from basic needs deprivation, and self-preservation. Next comes social tie-up which is the need for the individual to belong to one or more social groups and to be part of meaningful human relationships. After the social needs are satisfied comes the need to fulfill individual desires such as self-esteem and greater personal comprehension from other human beings. Achieving self-esteem allows the individual to acquire self- authorization, power, prestige, and control over their circumstances and their contribution to their prompt environment. When self-esteem is satisfied, individuals progress toward self-actualisation which refers to the need to maximise ones potential and to become what one is capable of becoming (Hersey, Blanchard, and Johnson 1996, p. 81).According to Maslows needs hierarchy model, higher order needs (esteem and self-actualisation) only become activated, and thus motivate behaviour, after lower-order needs have been satisfied. This approach has been critiqued to be applicable only in the occidental organisational context since motivation of employees from more collective-oriented cultures differs from that of their more individu alistic Western counterparts. An individuals needs are particularly bound by culture (Alder and Gundersen 2008, p. 75).While Maslow pure on satisfying extrinsic factors to drive motivation, Frederick Herzbergs two-factor motivation theory say that intrinsic factors are also important (Alder and Gundersen 2008, p. 76). Extrinsic factors include supervision, relations with co-workers, salary, company policy, supervision, and administration. Intrinsic motivators correspond to higher-order needs on Maslows hierarchy, including the work itself, responsibility, recognition for work done, and achievement and work advancement. Despite the acceptance and recognition of the two-factor motivation theory, its universality cannot be assumed. Factors which act as motivators and demotivators vary across culture (Griffin and Moorhead 2010). Hence, managers who are about to enter a new culture should be observant about the cultural factors which appear important and not assume the transferability of their earlier experiences with a particular culture. positivist Organisational BehaviourWhile organisations are looking to use human resource management concepts to boost the performance of their employees, only around half of all organisations have positive experiences of victimisation them, and believe that they actually matter (Pfeffer 1998, p. 12). As a result, only a small fraction of organisations consistently implement and devote sufficient forethought to high performance HRM practices. This further increases the degree of scepticism amongst workers, as more and more of them encounter poorly implemented practices that are often delinquent due to a lack of time and effort (Luthans and Youssef 2004, p. 143). This can lead to the spread of a negative and pessimistic form of organisational behaviour diffusion throughout organisations that are using traditional forms of human resource management.The popularity of positive psychology has led to a reconsideration of tradition al HRM practices that focus more on the negative aspects of organisational behaviour. Positive organisational behaviour has been defined by Bakker and Schaufeli (2008) as a management concept which emphasizes the need for more focused theory building, research, and effective coat of positive traits, states, and behaviours of employees in organisations (p. 147). This implies that not only do organisations need to work on developing positive organisational behaviour, but also on ensuring that this behaviour is effectively applied and thus produces the desired outcomes. Otherwise, if the positive organisational behaviour fails to produce noticeable improvements, employees may lose heart and much of the optimism in their behaviour may be lost. Further to this, the concept of positive organisational behaviour needs to show the added value of the positive over and to a higher place the negative (Bakker and Schaufeli, 2008, p. 147) in order to gain wide acceptance and the prudence neede d to develop further.One of the main potential methods through which this added value could be demonstrated is that positive organisational behaviour is powerfully linked to levels of work engagement. According to Bakker et al (2008) this implies that the development of positive organisational behaviour can lead to a positive, fulfilling, affective-motivational state of work-related well-being that is characterized by vigour, dedication, and absorption (p. 187). In other words, developing positive organisational behaviour is more likely to make employees feel positive about their work, and also to engage more strongly with it. This in turn will lead to the employees caring more about the outcomes of their work as outcomes in their own right, rather than simply as tasks they have to complete in order to gain promotions or justify their salaries. This argument is supported by Bakker et als (2008, p. 187) empirical research, which showed that work engagement is influences strongly by t he level of job resources that employees have access to, and the level of personal resources that are inherent to the employee themselves. Of these, job resources focus on factors such as the supervisory coaching and feedback that the employee receives, whilst personal resources include many of the resources associated with positive organisational behaviour, such as optimism, self-efficacy and self-esteem. In addition to this, the research shows that work engagement is a valid predictor of job performance and client satisfaction, indicating that it can help to achieve the employee performance boost needed by modern organisations (Bakker et al, 2008, p. 187).Positive organisational behaviour POB emerged from the positive psychology approach in 1999 and was pioneered by Fred Luthans. Positive psychology departs from the traditional negative thrust of psychology as a field which studies illness rather than wellness and instead, proposes that the strengths and virtues that allow individ uals and communities to thrive should be studied. Positive organisational behaviour focuses on theory building, empirical research, and application of positive attitudes, traits, and behaviours of employees within organisations (Luthans and Youssef 2007). Luthans (2002a) defined positive organisational behaviour as the study and application of positively oriented human resource strengths and psychological capacities that can be measured, developed, and effectively managed for performance improvement in todays workplace (p. 59). Positive organisational behaviour is a psychology-based approach toward human resource management and operates within a framework that considers employee happiness as viable objectives in themselves. Proponents of positive organisational behaviour treat employee well-being and health to be of strategic value for businesses. instead of viewing occupational health and employee well-being as costs, positive organisational behaviour proponents consider them soun d investments. Typically, POB focuses on use of organisational resources in increasing psychological capital, employee engagement, emotional intelligence, and psychological contract. POB is implemented in organisations to make peak performance and enhance the conditions under which employees function and thrive.Psychological CapitalThe concept of psychological capital has become an important construct, not only in human resource management, but also in other areas such as leadership research. Psychological capital is seen as a key factor in allowing leaders to develop positive organisational behaviour within the organisations that they lead. This link is strongly supported by the research of Toor and Ofori (2010, p. 341) which found that psychological capital is strongly correlated with both leadership genuineness and transformational leadership. In their leadership study on construction and engineering visualise leaders, a distinction was made between traditional offer leaders who drove performance through power, task orientation, and authority and authentic leaders who drove performance through positive values such as morality, ethics, and collective well-being. Authentic leaders who use positive behaviours capitalise on the environment of trust and are able to motivate people bettor and accomplish challenging tasks (Toor and Ofori 2010). Authentic leadership possesses high potential for development as well as veritable performance of construction project leaders. At the same time, the existence of transformational leadership in an organisation plays an important role in the ability of the organisations psychological capital to drive positive organisational behaviour and desired outcomes such as extra effort and satisfaction on the part of employees.However, there is also evidence to suggest that the development of psychological capital in organisations and its ability to drive positive outcomes at both the individual and organisational level, is strong ly linked to the level of focused training and development that employees receive (Luthans et al, 2010, p. 41). An exemplary case is UK retailer Tesco which has one of the most impressive workforce development programmes. Tesco employees were considered the happiest and the most loyal in a survey among UK companies (European Monitoring affection on switch 2007). Tesco has built its theatrical role on positive values such as ethics, morality, and human rights. For instance, it has a Working beyond retirement policy which accepts workers above the age of 50, a Remploy policy which brokers jobs for disabled individuals, a basic skills training program, and The Step Change Programme which values the initiatives of employees in suggesting company policies to enhance customer service and satisfaction. This has resulted to high levels of employee and customer loyalty, positive relationships with suppliers, and efficiency savings amounting to GBP350million (European Monitoring Centre on Change 2007). The Tesco experience implies that psychological capital is not only something which emerges at work through the day to day actions of managers and leaders, but can also be developed through direct training interjections for the workforce. Indeed, the study by Luthans et al (2010, p. 41) indicated that said training interventions not only may be used to develop participants psychological capital, but can also lead to an improvement in their on-the-job performance. This indicates the importance of developing psychological capital at all stages of the human resource management cycle, in order to maximise the potential gains from positive organisational behaviour.Psychological capital refers to the positive psychological states that an individual owns and can use to achieve greater authority in organisations. A comprehensive definition of psychological capital isAn individual state of positive psychological development, which is characterized by (1) possession of confide nce (self-efficacy) by which challenging tasks can be successfully completed through covering and paying necessary efforts (2) positive attribution should be made on the current and future success (optimism) (3) targets need to be adhered to, and if necessary the line of achieving goals can be re-selected in order to be successful (hope) (4) When confronted with the problems and difficulties, success can be achieved by sticking to goals, quickly restoring and taking lot ways (resilience). (Luthans, Youssef and Avolio 2007, p. 15).According to Luthans and colleagues, psychological capital or PsyCap leads to positive organisational behaviour which in turn makes employees work more diligently, adhere to ethics, and acquire higher job satisfaction and improved performance (Luthans, Avolio, Avey, et al. 2007). Psychological capital has quaternion components 1) self-efficacy, 2) hope, 3) optimism and 4) resilience (Luthans 2005). When used together with social and human capital, psycho logical capital represents the human resource that each individual owns and which organisations can measure, invest in, develop, and manage effectively. Today, the application of PsyCap is growing in many global companies (Avey 2007). The Kellogg Corporation has send PsyCap training for all its managers. Engineering leaders and senior managers of The Boeing Company also underwent PsyCap training. Moreover, Boeing has included PsyCap as a workforce development indicator (Avey 2007).Self-efficacySelf-efficacy is the belief that one is capable of attaining specific goals by mobilising motives, cognitive resources and actions (Bandura 1997, p. 76). It refers to positive beliefs and confidence on ones skills and abilities to perform desired task. Persons having high self-efficacy perceive highly that they are capable of taking action and modifying their environment using several resources. Stajkovic and Luthans (1998) believed that people with high psychological capital are more persist ent scorn failures and are less disheartened and less likely to resign when face with possibility of failure. Hence, self-efficacy positively impacts work performance. Luthans (2005) recommends ways in which organisations can nurture self-efficacy of employees in his Psychological Capital Intervention PCI model. One is to allow employees to come across concrete targets based on employees professional skills. In this manner, employees can process goals in groups and analyze methods in achieving them while criticising and modifying goals. This form of intervention strengthens goal commitment and task control among employees. Another intervention is provide avenues such as trainings and drilling programs where employees can share success stories and exchange experiences in order for them to appreciate that success comes with positive and sustained efforts. Another intervention is to establish expectations by mobilising emotions and persuasions to stimulate confidence among employees that with the proper strategies and timetables, goals can be met. A fourth intervention is the use of positive and constructive defence mechanism mechanism in organisational culture through humor, compensation, and sublimation. The idea is to not impede or humiliate employees who are frustrated over unachieved goals but to spile with it positively while regaining the employees self-confidence and psychological stability in the process. anticipate confide refers to a positive motivational state characterized by a sense of success resulted from interactions based on agents (goal-oriented vitality) and the paths (plans to achieve goals) (Snyder and Lopez 2002, p. 34). Hope represents an individuals determination that goals are achievable and the individuals conviction that pathways will lead towards attaining these goals. Hope can be determined through two factors path and bullheadedness (Snyder, Feldman, Taylor, 2000). Peterson

Assessing Of The Internally Displaced Persons Sociology Essay

Assessing Of The ingrainedly Dis baffled Persons Sociology EssayInternally displaced persons (IDPs) argon those who atomic number 18 forcibly uprooted within the boundaries of their bear countries as a outgrowth of violent conflicts tend to be among the well-nigh desperate populations (Egeland, 2004 OCHA, 1999). consort to Internal Displacework forcet Monitoring Centre (IDMC) 2010, the digit of internally displaced persons uprooted from their homes by armed conflicts, generalized furiousness and adult male rights abuses crosswise the world stood at 27.1 meg citizenry by 2009. The most modify region with 11.6 million internally displaced persons was Africa, where Sudan, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Somalia along with Iraq and Colombia stood among those countries which comprised over half of the worlds internally displaced persons. South and Southeast Asia was the region with largest congener increase in number of IDPs in 2009 where some 4.3 million masses were estimated to be internally displaced mainly as a result of be conflicts that escalated and majority of them were trapped in business offices of protracted switching. These figures atomic number 18 23 per centime year-on-year increase from 3.5 million to 4.3 million. These estimations merely reflect the severity of the expel that in fact is much bigger in its extent. Internally displaced persons (IDPs) therefore wash up an enormous challenge to the international community, national governwork forcets and addition organizations as internal switching has a devastating relate on non plainly the IDPs own families but likewise on the entire society (IDMC/NRC, 2009 Holmes, 2008 Women Refugee Commission, 1998).Displaced women and children represent an provoke majority of the refugee population (Ni Aolain, 2009 Ganguly-Scrase Vogl, 2008 UN-ESCWA, 2006 UNHCR, 2008 Kaapanda Fenn, 2006), yet there is little identification that forced fault is a gendered phenomenon (Beher a, 2006). Majority of these women flee within their read territories and and so do not receive the similar protection and conduct that is provided to the refugees who cross international b ordinates (Al Gasseer et al., 2004).Displacement has a differential tinge on both women and men, which can differ at various stages of crisis (El Jack, 2003). These differences prevail on account of women being at the subordinate position, socio-cultural norms, unequal cause dealing and womens voice as the primary c aretaker of the household and family (Ni Aolain, 2009). IDP women take care of their families and uphold cultural norms, even when they are abandoned by their husbands and thus excluded from the traditional protection, left homeless and without any valuable assets or economically productive work, and without any family or community support (Ganguly-Scrase Vogl, 2008).Internally displaced persons are not a homogeneous category of people (IDMC/NRC, 2009 Kaapanda Fenn, 2006). They throw particular(prenominal) needs, vulnerabilities, and coping strategies based, among different things, on their age, sex, ethnicity and membership of a companionable convention (IDMC, 2009). Even displacement does not affect all women the same way, for modelling women belonging to ethnic minorities in Sudan were marginalized collect to their minority stead, which constituted an overwhelming number of casualties among them referable to war and its consequences (El Jack, 2002).Displacement affects women in multi-faceted ways, it results in unspoilt security jeopardizes, losing close family members, psychological atrocities, sexual violence, deterioration of societal re demarcation net and reduction in the already curb economic opportunities (Women and agonistic Migration, 2006 El Jack, 2002). In the wrinkle of displacement, the experience of leaving their homes and villages, loss of social capital and living in an unfamiliar and stressful environment, surrounde d by complete strangers, causes extreme hardships to women (Women and Forced Migration, 2006). Displacement also results in viands scarcity delinquent to removal from sources of income and livelihood. Further more(prenominal), inequalities in aid distribution place women and girls more susceptible to malnutrition (UN-ESCWA, 2006). The reduced access to resources and limited opportunities for employment makes it passing tricky for women to cope with household responsibilities (El-Bushra, 2003 El Jack, 2002). It is also evident that women a good deal take the back seat in bournes of relief and rehabilitation. In the first instance, national policies on relief and resettlement do not acknowledge the specific needs and vulnerabilities of women (Women and Forced Migration, 2006). In the second instance, humanitarian organizations a good deal disenfranchise women by relegating them to the status of victim this is raise reinforced by giving them little say in closing making with r egard to aid distribution and rehabilitation (Banerjee in Ganguly-Scrase Vogl, 2008). Women also lack access to essential reproductive health services due to rigid socio-cultural norms, restrictions on their mobility, lack of health care infrastructure and insecurity (Women and Forced Migration, 2006).1.2 Conflict Induced Internal Displacement in BalochistanBalochistan comprises almost 44 per cent of Pakistans geographical territory with 770 km long coastline but with the Arabian Sea (Andley, 2006 ADB, 2005) and straddles Iran and Afghanistan (Grare, 2006). The enormity of its size, contrasts strikingly with its sparse population of 7.1 million people, constituting only 5.1 per cent of the total (ADB, 2004).Balochistan holds substantial portion of Pakistans energy and mineral resources accounting for 36 per cent of its total gas production. It is also resourced with immense reserves of copper, gold, platinum, silver, aluminum, uranium, coal and is a potential transit govern fo r a pipeline transporting natural gas from Iran and Turkmenistan to India. Balochistan coast provides Pakistan with an exclusive economic zone potentially rich in oil, gas, and minerals spread over approximately 180,000 red-blooded kilometers giving Balochistan considerable strategic importance (Grare, 2006). condescension being the richest duty in terms of energy and mineral resources, Balochistan remains underdeveloped and economically destitute among other provinces (AITPN, 2007). The incidence of poverty is pronounced in the province, characterized by inadequacy of income, low quality of life, denial of opportunities and choices. Among others, lack of access to prefatory services such as health, education, safe inebriation water, sanitation and wretched quality of roads and transportation also account for some of the sarcastic issues. Similarly, literacy rates especially for rural women are very low. Additionally, widespread leakages in the governance system, lack of acco untability of public institutions, inability of governments to deliver social and economic goods further marginalized the destitute sections of life (ADB, 2004). Since the partition of India in 1947, Balochistan has been the totality of ethno-nationalist struggle resulting in violent revolts between separatists and the federal government due to its forcible annexation with the current Pakistan (IDMC/NRC, 2009 Zambelis, 2009). Baloch martials study staged several insurgencies against the evoke for greater political control over their administrative affairs and big dividend from local discipline projects and the exploitation of natural resources (IDMC/NRC, 2009). These resentments persist even holdly because of the central governments crushing of nationalistic aspirations the absence of economic and social development in Balochistan and the exclusion of the provincial authorities and local population from decisions on major regional projects (Grare, 2006). On the other hand, the federal government views the violence in Balochistan as the work of miscreants led by few militant tribal leaders who do not represent the Baloch majority and whose efforts are aimed at maintaining their hold over tribes and tribal system from where they garner support, power and wealth and undermining the development efforts led by the government (Dunne, 2006).Balochistan enmeshed in a rash of violence in continuum with the decades-old conflict that has flared up in one case again over the issue of the rape of a medical impact associated with Pakistan Pet determinationum Limited apparently by an army officer in Sui tehsil of the Dera Bugti district in January 2005 (AITPN, 2007). The rape of a doctor in a secure hospital precinct provoked riots in Balochistan and a large photographic plate tribal uprising. However, the Balochistan crisis intensified after Pakistani government launched full-scale forces operation against the Baloch nationalists in the region following the fi ring of eight rockets at a para soldiery base on the outskirts of the town of Kohlu, during the visit of accordingly President global Pervez Musharraf(IDMC/NRC, 2009 AITPN, 2007). The current wave of violence is an offshoot of the decades of suppression of the Baloch people by the federal government (Dunne, 2006). Though the dispute in Balochistan is essentially political, the Pakistani military and the Baloch tribal militants have always seek a military solution for their disagreements (Human Rights Watch, 2008).Hundreds of thousands of people fled to safer places as a result of military operation and aerial bombardment in Marri and Bugti tribal areas (AHRC, 2006). Over 200,000 people about 90 per cent of population of Dera Bugti and Kohlu districts (majority with women and children) were forcibly driven out of their homes following the outbreak of hostilities between the warring tribesmen and the law-enforcement agencies in the early summer of 2005 (IDMC, 2009). According to w orld-wide Crisis Group (ICG), at to the lowest degree 84,000 people have been displaced by the conflict in Dera Bugti and Kohlu districts since December 2005 when military operations began. Human Rights Commission of Pakistan (HRCP) has estimated that in all, 100,000 people were displaced in the Dera Bugti and Kohlu districts and among those nearly 40,000 have returned to their homes in 2009, eyepatch more than 40,000 are still displaced. According to government of Balochistan there were 1200 households who were displaced from Tehsil Dera Bugti, 800 from Tehsil Sui and 1300 from Tehsil Phalawagh. It makes total of 3300 households who were displaced from Dera Bugti district alone. However, these estimations vary and it is unclear how umteen another(prenominal) Marri and Bugti have actually been displaced after the conflict has escalated in their areas.Despite adverse state of affairs, there is no single officially acknowledge IDP camp in the entire province of Balochistan. The d isplaced population is mixed-up on the outskirts of either Naseerabad, Jaffarabad, Sibi, Bolan and Quetta districts of Balochistan or displaced to the Sindh and Punjab provinces (IDMC/NRC, 2009 AHRC, 2006). They have been living in detestable conditions in temporary settlements and are deprived of adequate shelter, safe drinking water, sanitation, food, schooling, health care and other basic necessities (AITPN, 2009). The governments response to IDPs in Balochistan has remained halfhearted. Moreover, the absence of national policy or institutional arrangements to cater the needs of internally displaced persons in conflicted zones of Balochistan is the main obstacle in recovery and rehabilitation of the IDPs. International and national humanitarian agencies including UN have denied access by government to contest with the IDP crisis in Balochistan due to security reasons (IDMC/NRC, 2009). In a delivery to the parliament in December 2009, although the Prime Minister Syed Yusuf Raz a Gilani acknowledged the difficult situation of displaced persons and announced $12 million for their return and rehabilitation as part of the Balochistan Support Package. However the package was rejected by the Baloch nationalists list that it is too little and too late. Indeed, no practical steps have been taken further to reconcile aggrieved groups and subscribe to them in the mainstream political landscape painting (IDMC, 2010).1.3 Problem StatementConflict displacement exposes families and communities to intense suffering and traumatic experiences of enormous loss of life, loss of social fabric, gross impoverishment done the loss of livestock and land, erosion of cultural nurtures, beliefs and practices, sexual violence and psycho-social put out (El-Bushra, 2003). On the other hand, it has a long term social impact whereby the prolonged suffering and appalling conditions force women to take steps and responsibilities in the public domain that traditionally did not form pa rt of their role (Rivero, 2006). Simultaneously, it comes with an opportunity to renegotiate gendered power structures, patriarchal norms and notions of masculinity and femininity (El-Bushra, 2003 Moser Clark, 2001). Ni Aolain (2009) suggests that conflict may have hidden opportunity to empower women and get off the structural and social transformations in face with the new set of social, economic and political realities of the post conflict arena.Women and men experience the uprooting, displacement and reconstructive memory of life in entirely different manners (Moser Clark, 2001). Although women are disproportionately disadvantaged and the initial impact of displacement is more severe for women than men women tend to adapt more quickly to their new environment and interrogation for new spaces through informal support mechanisms in order to fit their family needs. Men because of inaccessibility to economic resources, limited opportunities for employment and their huge habitu ation on formal institutional support networks, adapt the new situation at much slower pace (Moser Clark, 2001, El-Bushra, 2003). It often results in working(a) women bearing the main financial burden of providing for the family and dependent men winning up the responsibility for children and domestic chores. Conflict undoubtedly provides greater responsibilities to women and with that the porta to exert greater leverage in the decision-making mouldes (El-Bushra, 2003). While Rivero (2006) argues that the public role of women places great pressure on women because it is socially unacceptable and women run the risk of being stigmatized and marginalized by their families and communities. Womens taking up greater financial responsibilities, enter occupations which were previously the preserve of men and involving in the decision making process at the household and community level may no bring long-term changes in gender ideologies rather reinforce gender value systems (El-Bushra, 2003).Research studies carried out by El-Bushra (2003) highlight that gender role throwback during conflict and displacement may not combine with an ideologic shift, women status outside the household may remain subordinate in relation to men. As men have lost access to resources, assets and with that their conventional role of breadwinner or provider men may feel more clog to adjust with the new roles and mens inability to meet gendered expectations may result into frustration, sphacelus and sense of failure. Patriarchal norms which establish ideological basis are at the heart of the issue.This research is significantly relevant to explore whether conflict displacement has changed accepted notions of masculinity and femininity among internally displaced persons of the Bugti tribe of the Balochistan province? Whether changes in gender roles brought about by displacement provide opportunities for changes in ideological basis? If yes than how? if no than why? There is a knowledge geological fault in the current scholarship on gender dimension of displacement with regard to Bugti tribe of Balochistan. The current strike attempts to fill this gap while raising following research questions1.4 Research QuestionsHow this conflict forced people to move? What is the purpose of conflict induced internal displacement?What are the changes in natural selection strategies of both women and men after displacement?Whether changes in survival strategies account for changes in gender roles? If yes then how?1.5 Objectives of the Study1.5.1 General ObjectiveThe core objective of this research piece of work is to explore the impact of conflict induced internal displacement on survival strategies and how changes in survival strategies account for changes in gender roles among displaced persons of the Bugti tribe in district Jaffarabad of the Balochistan province.1.5.2 Specific ObjectivesIn order to attain the general objective of this research hire, several specific obje ctives have been developed. The specific objectives includeTo analyze the migration pattern of conflict displacementTo take up the changes in survival strategies of both women and men after displacementTo examine how changes in survival strategies account for changes in gender roles.1.6 Rationale of the StudyWomen and children with their numerical dominance constitute 80 per cent of the worlds refugee population their overwhelming dominance alone justifies a lively interrogation (Kaapanda Fenn, 2006). Despite that, where the term gender appears, its usage often implies that women and girls are predominantly victims, while men are depicted as perpetrators. The term should not be used in such a limited fashion it should allow researchers to see women and men as actors who function in a variety of roles and examine how shifts into non-traditional roles affect power balances in the course of displacement (UNDP, 2002).Though, there is growing scholarship on the plight of the displaced more attention needs to be paid to womens experiences. The recognition that forced displacement is a gendered phenomenon is fairly a recent understanding. Womens experiences as internally displaced persons are lesser known, particularly in the context of use of South Asia. There are only few scholars who have dealt at length on this worry and investigated the impact of conflict displacement on gender roles in the context of South-Asia and there is hardly any monograph available that has focused on this issue particularly in the context of Pakistan. The subject explicitly deserves in-depth investigation, which this research study would try to stimulate and attempt to traverse this gap in the literature.1.7 mountain chain of the studyThis research study aims to describe the experiences of women and men in course of conflict displacement. It seeks to identify the possible link between changes in survival strategies and gender roles, given that the nature of the subject under invest igation is super sensitive, deeply personal and politically risky. The significance of this study is also highlighted by the fact that it incorporates gender analysis in social and cultural background signal and employs gender as an analytical tool in order to travail the wider social relations. Gender as a unit of analysis would suspensor to view the lives of women and men within the context of displacement. It illustrates that how women experience displacement (Kaapanda Fenn, 2006).1.8 Limitations of the studyThe study was carried out only in one district, due to time, human resource, and financial constraints. The findings may be non-representative and only illustrative of the target segments of the study areas visited and therefore cannot be generalized for the entire district or province. It was often problematic to identify internally displaced persons because there were no officially accepted IDP camps in the study area, while the displaced persons were scattered into m akeshift camps. When this study was conducted, it was harvesting season in most parts of the district and IDPs were rambling due to their engagement in agricultural labor. Their access was difficult due to their continuous mobility, sensitive nature of the issue, tribal system, socio-cultural norms, governments security restrictions and emerging hostilities towards strange others stemming from changes in the political climate in recent years. On the other hand, socially depressed IDPs were reluctant to talk to outsiders due to apprehension of the pang either from tribal head or governments security agencies. Furthermore, there were many surveys carried out but nothing has been changed in their life realities gaining their trust was circumstantial in such a situation. It was also challenging to have direct access to women and collect information from them due to rigid socio-cultural norms and customs. In order to tackle this problem the researcher got the help of his younger sist er to have access to women.1.9 RoadmapThis research study is organized into six chapters. Chapter one presents an foundation garment to this study. Chapter two provides a synthesis of the relevant literature. Chapter three describes research forge and methods. Chapter four sketches the historic roots of crisis in Balochistan. Chapter five unfolds results of this study and presents a debate over the findings. Chapter six summarizes the whole discussion and concludes with recommendations for further research.

The Company Magners Cider Marketing Essay

The come with Magners Cider Marketing EssayGlobal logics can be explained as a process to determine planetaryisation with successive dimensions, apiece taken separately, and interpreted for telling patterns. The existence of global logics means that the company recognizes the regard to find a appropriate response to address concern regarding globalisation. The nonattendance of global logics specifies that issues of globalisation are not correctly addressed. The understanding of these logics has been dishful to abbreviate the complexity to globalise a company(Jeannet n.d.).Magners cyder has always fostered the mechanism of reservation the decently fruit available to the people at the right place. In France people are run to salute for pleasure and less inclined to binge out, the cut people consume slightly more inebriant than their neighbours Britain (also extensivegest consumers of magners cider), this is due to the fact that french alike to have assimilates dur ing meals, and most French men do not find it smart to get drunk. 4/5th of the magners consumers under the age of 24 like to drink in the bar, only a tenth of customers choose magners over bar. It is also a fact that men are most likely to consume cider than women. Nevertheless, female would prefer to have cider in a garden or a part, cider is not considered as a drink they would have with food (Just-drinks 2010). Magners has catered the global customer needs and advantages of its products considering the segmental and geographic differences. The primary quality of the product is that its natural drink made from apples. This is large competitive benefit with a world full of food additives. likewise the death rate in france is high these days, so people are considering switching to healthier drink options which can prove to be genuinely advantageous for magners. Also cider has a couple of(prenominal)er calories than beer, which bequeath make it large-hearted to health consciou s people especially women(Keynote 2009). Thats why the company entrust make sure that Magners cider is shown with apples and served on ice in each advertizing. Magners will strengthen cider by showing it as a mixture of seventeen different types of apples. In short, the company extremitys to show the product as a traditional company with a great bonk that manufactures a distinctive natural product. It is rattling essential to have an earnest promotional campaign, because it is very difficult to maintain such promotion activities for a long time, so it is essential to have two levels of communication cold Communication during the launch phase to increase brand awareness unyielding term communication to have a presence in peoples promontory (Appendix 2).3.2 Global Competitor LogicWhen competition creates a compelling cut into to practise globalisation, global competitor logic comes into play. In a few industries a company faces different set of competitors in different market s, depict towards low competitor logic same is the case of magners in france. The public cider distilled in France was once not so popular because of prejudicious image and declining sales, exclusively it is essential to give emphasis to space for harvest-tide in the sector especially in the over the ice cider which magners is famous for to support this declaration French brewer which was experiencing rapid downfall in the beer market for 25 years has decided to enter cider market with its Apple frost drink and aiming to sell 25,000 bushels in its initial year of launch, this will be the main competitor in the over the ice cider market (Perkins n.d.).Also MDD (Marque de Distributeur) has largest cider market constituent of 41.5%, Loc Raison has 22.5% and Ecusson and Autres has 10% each(Keynote 2010).3.3 Global Regulatory LogicAlcohol using up patterns and drinks preferences vary from country to country. alone countries have different laws regarding consumption and stripped -down required for it. It can be said that global regulatory logic is high, because regulations differ from country to country and France has been very strict close to its amendment. In France alcohol kills about 45,000 people and costs 17.6 thousand millions each year.In 2005, the parliament of France amended a law on alcohol advertisement called the Evin law, which was the result of consensus between public health specialists and consensus wine firm owner (Keynote 2011). This law allows using objective characteristics during promotion but bans any pattern of qualitative arguments. The manufacturers of wine will be able to use facts such as geographical area, explanation about colour and taste (Bremer n.d.) (Perkins n.d.).The want of social problems in France due to alcohol is because drinking is very dearly-won in bars, so young people usually purchase very less from bars and then move to home. France has no intention to follow up on the path of its neighbour Britain when b inge drinking is involved. Authorities have the proponent to strip the bar from its license, and people are advise carry DIY suggestion testing kits to verify themselves before driving. Alcopop (beverages including distilled alcohol) was heavily criticised and government taxed them out dissension (EPHA 2007)(Hennessey Jeannet n.d.).3.4 Global Information LogicInformation acquirement by customers is very important factor for global marketing strategies, its a way how consumers scrutinise the environment, the different types of media they are exposed to and how much they are willing to give-up the ghost to acquire certain information. Magners has always relied heavily on TV advertizement, but in France there are legal consequences of promoting alcohol on boob tube and is strictly forbidden. But magners has always invested heavily on marketing and advertising and will use other forms of effective advertising. Magners will focus on radio advertising, and other forms of outdoor( a) advertising such billboards and bus apprehension advertisements. One should keep in mind alcohol promotion in France must transmit a moderate message(Bremer n.d.). These types of promotion are top hat way to highlight orchards orange through seasoned affected biography style. Magners has a difficult task of overcoming cynical and hesitant audiences to communicate the right message of brand. Past promotional campaigns have seen magners create outdoor implementations to becharm natural apple proposition. Advertising has been central part of magners entry in the international market. Global information logic here is strong as magners as always relied on TV, radio, press, advert boards in all of the countries it operates (except TV in France)(Martin 2007).Marketing StrategiesTarget chemical groupPrimary target Group Magners cider primary target group would be young hit aged between 18-34. They can be either male or female as its appealing to both.Secondary target group All the people allowed consuming alcohol. Cider is a drink for all ages in England. This expression was also to be created in French marketOur secondhand target group are basically all the people, who are allowed to drink alcohol. Cider is a drink which is consumed by people of all ages in Great Britain. This image is meant to be created in the French market as well.Magners cider aims to sell the product all over France. But at an initial stage, the company would like to test the product in big cities like Rennes, Paris, Bordeaux, Lyon, Nizza and Grenoble. Also Magners is supporting English rugby teams, so magners want to do the same by selling cider in French rugby cities like Auvergne, Toulouse, Perpignan and Montpellier (Appendix 1).This report has scrutinized the global logics applicable for Magners Cider when get in the French market, it come across French market and people perceptions about the product. It can be said that clear magners cider has no real number competition in Franc e as there are no set competitors for direct competition for over-ice bottled cider. It is important to note that attitude towards drinks is different in France, but still it has an image of being a traditional, old-fashioned drink which young consumers dont like to drink, however consumers have different perceptions for new drinks like ice cider. It is important to note that alcohol advertising is prohibited in France, and there are strict rules on these type of advertising, nevertheless magners will look into the past promotional strategies to overcome such barrier and magnetize the attention of the French people, relying on heavy advertising budget of outdoor advertising etc. Entering French cider market is a good decision as magners brand image will help it to overcome its competitors (direct indirect) very easily.

Internet Of Things

internet Of ThingsThe meshwork of Things is the stem that ordinary e reallyday objects can, with the addition of sensors and communications interfaces, be made Smart. In this consideration Smart direction that they atomic number 18 fitted to legislate useful information regarding their current state, their location and the environment they exist in. The technology behind this psyche has been applied to areas such as energy might 6, a virtual lost property office 7, tachographs for individual(a)(a) road charging 8, RFID systems in logistics 5 and bar codes on supermarket products that can be transform by mobile phone applications to give nutritional information, allergic reaction warnings or ethical information 9. However, in this paper we shall be investigating the network of Things from the eyeshot of its application in what check become known as Smart Homes and to a greater extent specifically how issues relating to Human Computer interaction (HCI) move over been considered when developing products and appliances therein. First we shall provide a background to the subject, highlighting its origins and noting separate technical themes. Fol blueing this we shall look in more depth at studies relating to key HCI concerns we find identified. The first of these concerns is the design, usability and acceptance of interfaces on Smart appliances. The flake concern is the impact of security and personal privacy considerations on the detection and acceptance of Smart Homes technology. Finally, in our finis we will show that TBC when conclusion can be addedBackgroundThe term Internet of Things represents a view in which the virtual gentlemans gentleman of the Internet is extended into the physical gentleman of everyday objects. A concept first put forward by Mark Weiser in a 1991 article for Scientific American 1, it stems from the idea that the continuing trend for reductions in price, size and energy habit of electronic components, micropro cessors and communications modules will lead to a truly ubiquitous deliberation experience. The term itself is attributed to Kevin Ashton, co-founder of MITs Auto-ID Center 2, which was set up to design, develop and propagate receptive standards for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) home. Using sensors, it is en batched that objects become context aware or Smart and that built-in networking capabilities enable these Smart objects to communicate their current state both to people and other systems via internet services.such(prenominal) phylogenesiss expect been widely recognised both by governments and international bodies as important and potentially disruptive. The Internet of Things was included in the US home(a) Intelligence Council list of 6 Disruptive Civil Technologies 17 in 2008, whilst an EU Commission action plan 4 saw the evolution of the Internet pickings it from a network of interconnected computers to a network of interconnected objects. This vision mirrors th at of the International Telecommunications Union which views the Internet of Things as a development that means from eithertime, anyplace connectivity for anyone, we will now have connectivity for anything 20. Applications include energy efficiency and conservation 6, a virtual lost property office 7, tachographs for individual traffic costs 8, RFID tagging in logistics 5 and barcodes in supermarkets that can be sound out by mobile phones 9 13 to supply information such as allergy warnings or nutritional details. However, there is the potential to impact on any field that would benefit from remote, automated observation and information collection, efficient get over management or real-time interpretation of data from the physical world 5.Much of the research into the Internet of Things has been from a strictly engineering perspective and as such fol depleteds a Design Science onslaught that is very much machine accented. Examples of this research can be found in 10 and 18 whe re it has been additionally described as following either a Things point perspective or an Internet oriented perspective. This is a reflection that the record book Internet acts both as a metaphor for connectedness and also, in a stricter technical sense, to signify the use of IP (Internet Protocol) as a basis for communication.Things oriented initiatives are largely those originating from the Auto-ID Center, which promote the use of RFID tags and a global Electronic Product Code (EPC). RFID tags are the combination of a small microchip attached to a wireless antenna in a package usually similar to an adhesive sticker. RFID tagged objects are not Smart in and of themselves but rather they require a reader to aggregate and interpret information they gather and sit in the midst of themselves and the applications making use of their data. The development and adoption of an EPC network 11 and EPCIS standards aims to provide the infrastructure to uniquely identify RFID tagged objects and simplify the processing and exchange of the data they capture. This will be helped by the creation of Wireless Sensor Networks enabled by advances in energy efficient multi-hop Wireless Personal Area networks (WPAN) 21. RFID systems have the advantage of being very small size and very low cost 18 and are considered good for closed entwine applications e.g. logistics within a single organisation such UPS or FedEx rather than open loop applications such as supply chain that have greater complexity problems 10. There are, however, major practical issues relating to scalability and confidentiality.Internet Protocol (IP) enables Smart objects to be fully connected as Internet nodes. However, the requirements for processing and power consumption are currently prescriptive with regards to implementing a TCP/IP mound and wireless communications into RFID tags. Research into technologies that overcome these issues forms the Internet oriented approach and promotes the idea of Unique, Universal or Ubiquitous ID (uID) architectures. It also includes artefacts that have or else been termed the Web of Things 16, as a refinement of Internet of Things. A supporter Oriented Architecture (SOA) approach, allowing for the decomposition of complex and monolithic systems into applications consisting of an ecosystem of simpler and well defined components 18 has been adopted in the development of middleware to bridge this gap. Middleware describes the software layer(s) sitting among and acting as a communications link between applications and low level objects. One such example is the SOCRADES Integration Architecture 29 in which Enterprise Re quotation Planning (ERP) application developers can query networked devices to regulate the most suitable one to provide the required service ground on its real-time environmental context. Alternative middleware approaches include Fosstrak 26 an open source RFID infrastructure implementing EPC Network specifications and e-SENSE 25 that uses wireless sensors to capture ambient intelligence. A more ad-hoc Web of Things approach 27 applies REST (Representational State Transfer) 30 use of the Web as application platform to devices. In this model Smart objects are engraft with a small HTTP server 15 16 or use a middleware door to transmit XML or JSON data. One outcome of this is the potential for real-time Mashups (user generated tangled applications) of physical objects with Web 2.0 services. Examples include tracking the flight paths of planes around Zurich 14 or measuring energy consumption of appliances 16. In the future this could mean an RSS or Twitter feed from your fridge updating you on the status of its contents.Mattern and Fleorkemeier 10 have identified twelve major challenges they consider important to the ongoing development of an Internet of Things. Amongst these are two that form the basis of our investigations and provide the focus of the remainder of this paper. The reason we have settled on these two challenges is that we have identified them as relating most directly to the Human Computer Interaction (HCI) issues that are the focus of our studies. These two challenges areArrive Operate The idea that Smart objects should not be perceived as computers and that there should be no need for user configuration, rather they should just work. For the applications we shall study in more detail this is most clearly manifested in the choices made when designing the user interface.Security personal privacy The understanding that a wider Internet of Things will inherit all the privacy issues associated with the existing Internet and in addition will have to concerns regarding the authentication of other communication partners where each(prenominal) partner is either a Smart object or a service.

PC Monitoring of Dynamometer

PC Monitoring of ergometer buncoThe aim of the project PC MONITORING OF DYNAMOMETER is to flyer and flourish the zip up crookedness and major indi quite a little buoyt of Motor. The behaviour of ram down in the mouth the stairs shoot and no rouse characteristics deal been studied with the benefactor of practical(prenominal) toolality. The variations in the spring up facilitate, tortuosity and agency at no clog torsion and wide-cut onus tortuousness have been died. Power determines the ability of the push cover charge. crookedness is varied by altering granting immunity in the ergometer take in round. The entire musical ar sayment devolve on interface with a PC providing practical(prenominal) instrumentality and entropy logging facilities. The graphical syllabusing bundle stay has been use to study the characteristics of the labour by elongateing. entropy logging and forbiddenline is make by implementing the judgment of establis hing groundVIEW.AIMSThe aim of the project to build and circle up the LabVIEW schedule to memorize and analyse the info with the help of ADC batting order. recreate, tortuousness and Power of the bypass offend dc push digest be acquired and analysed.OBJECTIVESImplement the concept of rea describeic(prenominal) instrumentation.Develop LabVIEW program to acquire Torque, Speed and Power.Analyse the push spine characteristics be humb conduct pack and no appoint u hell on earthg the visual scheduling.To head the difference betwixt acquiring the info manual(a)ly and applying practical(prenominal) orchestration.Chapter 1 gives the figure to the Motors, Lab run crosswise and the literary taps review to realise the project.Chapter 2 is the study of realistic(prenominal) pawnation and Labview programming.Chapter 3 explains the impairment Torque, Speed Power asscociated with the belt route locomote.Chapter 4 includes the observational get upup for the projec t with the specifications and the individual imprint of each and each comp geniusnt.Chapter 5 discussion dissolve includes the introduction to LabVIEW tools utilize in the programming for the project.Chapter 6 contains the abridgment for the manual exertion of the aim when load is utilise. Includes Torque, Speed, and electromotive troops characteristics.Chapter 7 includes the labview program for Speed, Torque and Power with the analysis for labor be humble squiffy patterns.Chapter 8 includes the destinations and the future scope of the project.CHAPTER-1INTRODUCTIONThe extent to which galvanizing cogency is utilise has influence on the development of industry and the economical prosperity of nation. Therefore sort of than conserving the pushing, method acting actings regard to be implemented to go the galvanizing muscularity and then it send word be achievable exclusively when the problems associated with the organization atomic recite 18 analysed and rectified with use of technology and period limitation.In industries the shift annoy moves atomic number 18 utilise where go influence is a mount of life aspect. The ring road wound pull in hold ups ar extremely pliant, versatile and solely the same the operation be be minimum. The zip of rollers in large cast move is an truly most-valuable aspect to be measure outd. In this reference of occupation the rpm of each repel is mensurable and comp bed to setpoints.nether load repels engross more than watercourse which whitethorn equipment casualty the work capabilities of the motor then(prenominal) causing damage. and then in that respect is a need for run range for a motor to work eventide in radianical conditions. Characteristics such as Speed, Torque, Power, operating(a) potential difference and genuine are important for selection of motors. Power is the capability of the motor to do just about work.The motor characteristics at high go are highly different from that to unhopeful expedites. The superpower of motors is actually(prenominal) downcast at high invigo charge per units consuming very little of electric distribution. The shunt wound eccentric person of motors run es moveially at a everlasting accelerate, regard little of load.In industries the shunt wound motors are utilize where urge control is a critical aspect. The shunt wound motors are highly flexible, versatile and even the operation costs are minimum.Motors runs at accredited hurrying depending on the shunt knit and weaponature. The armature produces the back EMF to brinytain a accepted f number as the love rotates. The back EMF is produced when the rotor coil coil rotates. As the load increments it causes the armature jockey to slow down down and in this case the back EMF produced ordain be decreased.There are devil methods for commanding the speed of a motor. The drawing manoeuvre one is by increasing or decre asing the potency summate to the line. If less potential drop is abandoned the motor runs at low speed and as the potency is increased the speed increases accordingly. The other method is by inserting apology in the expanse circuit which makes the speed to vary upon ever-ever-changing the load. When load is increased apparently speed is decreased and guilt versa. The flip-flop in load and speed torsion and power privy be acquired with the parcel product program designed for learnedness and data analysis which is LabVIEW.LABVIEWLab view in short is for Laboratory virtual(prenominal)(prenominal) mover engineering Workbench. Labview is a very powerful and flexible instrumentation and analysis software demonstrable by interior(a) Instruments. Labview is a programme particularly substantial for engineers and scientists operative in mechanisation industry and data analysis.The belief Labview whole works is the data flow. They are broken into wires and nodes. The g ossips and takingss are considered a node. It has got the built in libraries for Data Acquisition, Instrument bind and data analysis. Data eruditeness is to measure galvanising or physical quantities such as potential drop, received, temperature, pressure, or sound. PC- base data acquisition is a combine of calculator ironware, application software, and pc for logging the data.Software is highly important to data acquisition corpses. The reduction of hardware skunk be done if an effective software is designed. Data Acquisition software collects the data and displays the data. Ease in data analysis and presentation are the major reasons for using the calculating machines in data acquisition .LabVIEW mass acquire accupace and measurely measurements for monitoring industrial and control system applications. LabVIEW right away connects to number of industrial sensors which acquires data at very high speeds. The tools provided in the LabVIEW fag perform advanced emblem emergenceing, frequency analysis, digital channelize processing. LabVIEW locoweed to a fault be applied for machine vision, motion control, and machine condition monitoringIn LabVIEW, the logic bed be well substantial by using the drag drop graphical icons kinda of report lines of programs. Time taking programmes nookie be written in very short period using labview. This graphical spoken language understructure be used in industrial applications to control instruments, build machine-driven test systems, and acquire data virtually and mevery more.LITERATURE inspectionThe literature on fundamentals and applications of data acquisition, instrumentation, and control to engineering and technology is very extensive.Peter T lee conducted experiments ground on the torsion-speed characteristics of a motor with the help of machinelike design and 3-D using the computer. The computer example was drawn from a mechanised model. Upon implementing the above methods a conclusion has been do on the tortuousness- speed characteristics of dc shunt motor. The upper limit speed of the motor is at no load applying zero contortion. The stall tortuousness represents a point where the motor is at zero speed. Dynamic and solid body politic response mathematical models were designed. The torsion meter is used to estimate the crookedness. The torque speed curve obtained is is bit nonlinear. The mechanic design produced had a few(prenominal) constraints which led to the nonlinearity of the curves.As described by Comer in dc electric motor control systems series motors develop high torques at very low speeds when compared to shunt motors. For a wedded potential the speed-torque characteristics intend a linear decrease with the speed. Motor speed is controlled by ir amenable the potential drop to the armature which involves mental synthesis of a circuit involving inverter amplifier, opamps, throb largeness modulator which is perplexing and rather metr e taking.Saffet Ayasun proposed Matlab and Simpower systems for studying the steady state and transient characteristics of galvanic machines. Simulink models have been designed to control the speed in terzetto ways. Simulink has been proposed for playing area shelter control, armature apology control and armature potential control. The conclusions drawn from the simulink modelling is that the electrical machines are blamelessly integ regulated with the software.Pierre Guillemin proposed a technique based on fuzzy logic for controlling a dc motor. His work include on motors in food processing industries whose speed varies upon load. He worked on designing the fuzzy logic for the speed to be everlasting even though theres a often fourth dimensions change in the load. The principal(prenominal) methodlogy is go control the voltage involving the techniques of phase angle modulation and pulse width modulation. Use of fuzzy logic avoided the need for mathematical modelling. rea l number snip test and acquisition has been done using the pc and erasable programmable read-only memory mutant of ST6 wind has been used for controlling the fuzzy logic. So the main mischief of using ST6 is that it needs pages of school text coding and has a mastery list of 40./pFrom the above proposed techniques we screw conclude that it not only makes the system complicate but also it takes lot of time to design a program and create a logic for it to run. Manual way of operating may result in human errors decreasing the quality of product. Hence the need for data acquisition at high speed without much capital punishment of hardware components ignore be possible with the help of virtual instrumentation. practical(prenominal) instrumentation is the combination of modular software and I/O with software as its main tool.Today in any eccentric person of computer aided manufacturing project work and laboratory tests, clearcutness and dependability of instrumentation and data acquisition techniques may cause major impacts on results and outcomes. Therefore, there is a need to gain seeledge and skills to obtain any theatrical role of physical or virtual data on manufacturing, testing, measurement, and egis areas.methodological analysisThe data has been acquired from a ergometer motor system and is displayed on the pc for analysis involving a communication mingled with hardware and software. The ADC card communicates surrounded by the systems with the help of a data cable. The conditioned presages are affiliated to the conduct of the DAQ board. The hardware system is in conjunction with the PC zip LabVIEW. LabVIEW contains seem card and the retard plat which displays the data acquired and further analysis put forward be done. The breast dining table and block diagram are responsible for the understanding of programming involved.CHAPTER-2 realistic doerATION practical(prenominal) orchestration is the combination of software, Input/O utput hardware for the user desired applications. Sofware is the purport of Virtual Instrumentation. Instrumentation is baseally divided into two subjects one is subjective instrumentation and the other is Virtual Instrumentation. Natural instrumentation consists of hardware components and Virtual instrumentation is of Software with limited hardware components.The main difference between innate(p) instrumentation and virtual instrumentation is that the software component of virtual instruments is more reliable and versatile when compared to the hardware components.TRADITIONAL INSTRUMENT VS VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTThe above Fig shows the difference between natural Instrument and a Virtual Instruments. In natural instrument a plant divide is fixed to do a particular job which is not flexible whereas in a virtual instrument software can be modified and used for different applications as per the requirement.LabVIEWLabview stands for Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench. LabView is a visual programming language from National Instruments. The graphical language is originally named G. LabVIEW is used for data acquisition, industrial automation and instrument control. The programs in labview are called as virtual instruments .The graphical language can be easily identified by visual appellation which makes it very easier to understand.Labview programs are termed as virtual instruments as they principally get wind and work as the instruments. Labview comes with a mechanism which allows data to pass between front line panel and the block diagram.Labview is used by engineers and scientists to develop the ripe measurement, test, analyse control systems using graphical icons and wires. Labview can integrate with thousands of hardware devices and many built libraries are provided for analysis and data visualisation entropyFLOW programThe programming language used in LabVIEW is called G which is termed as a dataflow language. Labview course of instruct ion execution is heady by the way the block diagram is structured. plan wires are used to connect different function nodes. The discipline is transferred with with(predicate) the wires. The program is executed as soon as the scuttlebutt is available. G program is capable of fit execution. The dataflow completely defines the execution sequence, and can be fully controlled by the programmer. The execution sequence is perfectly be in Labview as delimit in many software languages. graphic programingLabVIEW programs are called virtual instruments. Each VI has three components stanch diagramFront panelConnector pane.Data Flow is the ruler for the VI execution. The VI are data driven whereas the normal text coding are instruction driven as qualify by the programmer. When all the input signal data is available then the node starts executing and the impact data is supplied to the create terminals. The graphical language makes it very easier for the programmers in which virt ual instruments can be dragged and dropped as per requirement. Stand alone applications can be built with the help of advanced labview development systems.The front panel serves as a user interface between the user and the pc. When front panel is dropped as a node onto the block diagram, the node inputs and productions can be defined in with the help of connector pane.CHAPTER -3DC shunt getA motor is a machine which converts electrical energy to robotic or rotating energy. DC motors are basically divided into two types. serial publication motors and Shunt motor.Shunt Motor are the one in which the vault of heaven is parallel to the load. In shunt motors the armature is mounted on the motor calamus. The rotating part in the dc motor is termed as the armature. The tresss are primed(p) in the slots on the surface of the armature. When the legitimate is supplied to the armature windings it creates a magnetized air line that reacts with the stadium poles. Hence this magnetic subject theme develops a torque which crimp the rotor that is the armature. While the rotor rotates it induces a voltage which is opposite to the supplied voltage and hence emf is generated.At start the resistance is high and as the motor picks up the speed the resistance is snubd gradually. In manual start the resistance is controlled by the man at work whereas in spontaneous start of motor the armature voltage or received is interpreted into condition and the resistance is corrected in the begging of start .The increase in armature voltage results in increase in speed and as the armature voltage is decreased the speed decreases. Torque is forthwith proportional to armature new. Increases in armature current causes the increase in torque.The rotation of the armature can be change by reversing the current direction.At start of the motor the current is high. As armature starts rotating the back emf increases gradually with the speed and the current decreases. When the spee d of the armature comes to immutable the back emf is stable approaching the induced voltage.If a windup(prenominal) load is applied the speed decreases and hence the rejoinder emf decreases. This decreases in foresee emf increases the derivative voltage and indeed increases the input current go forth to motor.Torque is at one time proportional to armature magnetic field strength. Armature magnetic field is directly proportional to armature current which in worm depends on mechanical load applied. Hence any increase in mechanical load increases the armature current and armature magnetic field strength and thus the Torque increases. therefore the speed of the motor decreases.DC motors are differentiated based on their voltage, torque, speed and power.tortuosityTorque is the rotating force of the cocksucker of a motor. This rotating force is developed out-of-pocket to the interaction of magnetic field between field windings and the field poles. The torque of a motor can be compulsive by connecting it to prony brakeThe torque in general terms is the force exerted by the shaft of a motor. i.e if force is applies to a open which is vacate to rotate about one fixed point the open up will rotate unless restrained.The torque is defined as t=Fr or Frsin?. The torque which is produced in clockwise is called a clockwise torque and the torque which is obtained in anticlockwise is called anticlockwise torque.FULL LOAD TORQUEThe continous torque motor can support without heat under the specified time rating is full load torque.PEAK TORQUE acme torque is the maximum torque required at any point. crest torque is delivered to motor without much overheating the motor. Peak torque is ordinarily less than the stall torque.PULL OUT TORQUEThis is maximum torque of the rotating shaft when operated at high speed and full voltage. Pull out torque is also considered as the breakdown torque.STARTING TORQUETorque exerted by the motor when energized at full voltage with its shaft locked is kickoff torque. It is also termed as locked rotor torque.SPEEDThe motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. The rotational energy is used to lift things, propel things, turn things, and so on When a specific voltage is supplied to a motor, it rotates the outturn shaft at a particular speed. The angulate velocity, is measured in rad/s, rps, rpm.Speed of a shunt motor can be controlled in three ways.Field Control MethodArmature Control MethodArmature voltage Control methodFIELD operate on METHODIn field control method the speed of the armature is controlled by adjusting the field current. upto certain speed the counter emf and the speed remains never-ending. Field Control method is also termed as constant speed drive.ARMATURE RESISTANCE CONTROLIn Armature resistance control external resistance is inserted in the armature circuit for controlling the speed of motor. The insertion of resistance keeps the armature current constant in certain speed range. The main disadvantages using this techniques include power outlet in external resistance and boilers suit low efficiency when speed is reduced to great extent.ARMATURE electromotive force CONTROLArmature voltage control is preferred over the other methods as powerloss and low efficiency is avoided. In this method the shunt field current is unploughed constant while varying the armature voltage. Hence the armature current and the fall generated remains constant. At certain current the torque remains constant since armature current is directly proportional to torque. olibanum the speed of the motor can be controlled to certain range.SPEED REGULATIONThe speed law for a dc motor is the ratio of change in speed from no load to full loadf load speed.POWERThe power of a motor is defined as the capability of motor to do prone cadence of work.Power of a motor depends on torque, speed of the shaft and the amount of time the time ope grade.Electric motors are rated generally on their maximum efficiency. Thus greater the horse power of a motor greater is the working range. carrying into action of a motor more than rated horse power leads to overheating of the motor thus causing a stall. This may even damage the motor in the long run. The power of motor can be contumacious by connecting it to a dynamometer.DYNAMOMETERDynamometer is a device which measures force and power. Eddy current Dynamometer consists of a stator coil in which electromagnets and rotor disc are coupled to shaft of the engine .When a rotor is made to rotate the eddy currents are produced in the stator due to magnetic flux which is created by the wizard filed current in electromagnets. This type of dynamometers requires some cooling arrangement as the eddy currents produced dissipates heat energy. The routine arm is used to measure the torque. In this kind of dynamometers the load is controlled by the regulation of currents in electromagnetic fields.Design CycleThe selection of eli minate hardware and software was an essential part of this project. The root contribution of this chapter 4 gives the development of hardware components of a system, the diagrams and specifications are discussed .The second base part of this chapter describes the hardware design process and software is described in the third section ,code used for the system are going to be presented.CHAPTER 4 experimental apparatusDC SHUNT MOTOR-WORKINGThe DC motor has two basic moveThe choosen shunt Dc motor is the motor which converts electrical power to mechanical power. The shunt motor is different from that of series motor. In the shunt type dc motor field winding is committed in parallel with the armature. The field winding is parallel to armature and this is referred as shunt winding and the motor is called a shunt motor.The rated rpm of the motor is 1500. The speed of the motor can be increased or decreased with the help of a drive. The current can be increased or decreased to set the speed. To reduce the speed of the motor mechanical load can be applied. Torque can be applied to reduce the speed of the motor. Under mean conditions the speed of the motor reduces.Motor can be applied until it reaches the rated torque of the motor. If the load goes beyond the rated torque it starts drawing high curent and later on some time it comes to stall.CHARACTERISTICS OF SHUNT MOTORShunt motors run at constant speed even when there is huge variation in the load. The Speed of the shunt-wound motors may be regulated in two ways. The offshoot way is by putting resistance in series with the armature, with which the speed is decreased and the second method is by inserting resistance in the field by which the speed will vary as the motor is loaded.The characteristics of a shunt-wound motor is that it has a very good speed regulation, and is aconstant speed motor, though the speed slightly decreases as load is increased. Shunt-wound motors are used by and large in industrial an d automotive applications where sinless measurement of Torque, Speed are highly necessary.EDDY CURRENT DYNAMOMETERA dynamometer is a device used to load the motor which also indicates the torque. The dynamometer used in this project works on hysteresis brake principle. The dynamometer system mainly consists of three partsDynamometerTorque indicatorPower SupplyEddy current dynamometers are the actuated braking systems. This braking system develops load torque with the interaction from the dc magnetic field produced by the windings on the stator and induced eddy currents in the rotor. When the magnetic field is added approximately the rotor it causes eddy currents. These eddy currents help in decrease down the speed.Dynamometer01CJC.svgThe torque developed in the dynamometer is genetic to the stator which is escaped to rotate over an arc and this is used to deflect a skip balance and so the torque can be directly measured on a scale. Eddy current dynamometer comes with a rotary converter potentiometer which works on the principleROTARY potbelly roach potentiometers come with a spiral resistive rase, and a wiper arm which moves axially as it rotates. As the wiper moves across the resistive strip resistance changes.VOLTAGE DIVIDERThe voltage divider is used to know the output voltage when input voltage is given up across the resistance. The ouput voltage depends upon the input voltage given and the ohmic resistance chosen. The resistor choosen is 10k? and an input voltage of 5v is given to the voltage divider.VOLTAGE DIVIDERThe input voltage is given across the termicals 1 and 2 and the output voltage is interpreted across the terminals 2 and 3.Connect the voltmeter across the resistance . Now riff the output voltage off and manipulate the input voltage to 5v. Now switch on the output toggle button on . The input voltage is set to 5v.AC TACHOMETERTachometers are used to measure the angular speed of a rotating shaft. The speed is measured in revolutio ns per minute (rpm). A tachometer works on the principle that it the speed of rotating shaft is determined by the variation in output frequency predict or voltage. As the speed increases the voltage level and the frequency increases.CONTACT part AC TACHOMETERThe above fig shows the tachometer coupled to the motor. Ac tachometer used in the design is rated at 0.5v/100rpm. It shows that increase in speed increases. For every 100rpm variation the voltage increases by 0.5 rpm. The voltage signal from the ac tachometer is given to the simple presicion rectifier which further converts the signal to dc voltage. dewy-eyed precision FULL WAVE RECTIFIERA simple precision full wave rectifier converts the ac voltage to dc voltage. The simple precision full wave rectifier is built with operation amplifier which works on the principle of differential voltage.An operational amplifier is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier which has differential inputs and a single output. Neg ative feed back controls the gain in the opamps. The output goes positive degree degree when the non inverting input(+) goes more positive than the inverting input (-) and vice versaWhen the input signal goes positive again, the op amps output voltage will take time to go back to zero, then to forward bias the diode and produce an output. The time taken is determined by the opamps slew rate. Slew rate is the maximum get-at-able range of the output voltage. Slew rate limits the highest frequency of the sin wave.The opamp 741 choosen in the project has a slew rate of 0.5v per little seconds elementary PRECISION FULL WAVE RECTIFIERThe negative voltage at the input through the diode and resistor. The positive half cycles appear at the output of the second diode. When positive voltage is given the feed back is given by the diodes and hence negative cycles . The positive cycles and negative cycles are summed differentially to get the output voltage.The opamp 741 choosen in the project has a slew rate of 0.5v per micro secondsFor measurement applications the signal has to be ripple allow. Hence low pass filter can be used to achieve the signal free from ripples.RC LOW PASS FILTERResistor Capacitance generally termed as RC circuits are used in filtering a signal waveform, thus changing the relative amounts of high frequency and low information in their output signals compared to their input signals. RC filter is a common application for smoothing a signal.The RC circuit has a capacitor and a resistor in which are connected in series. The charged capacitor would discharge its energy into the resistor determined in series with it. This voltage across the capacitor is open up through Kirchhoffs current law which says that the current coming from capacitor is pit the current flowing out through the resistor. The linear differential eqn. can be given byANALOG TO DIGITAL CARD line of latitude to digital conversion is interfacinf the analogue I/O with the Digital I/O . ADC cnversion takes center in three stages. They are Sampling, quantisation and encoding. The ADC card which is used in the Project is CIO-DASO8/JR-A0.SAMPLINGThe analog input cannot be directly sent to the pc. The ADC digitises the analog input signal continusly. The proper reconstruction of signal is possible only when the have rate is twice the highest frequency component. If the have rate is under that the problem of Alaising occurs.To eleminate the problems of aliasing the signal must be sampled at a rate higher than Nyquist frequency rate. The fig shows the sampling rates and the construction of the signal.If a signal is sampled at too low rate perfect reconstruction of signal is nt possible which results in the loss of data.quantizationQuantisation represents the signal in discrete and certainj voltage levels. Quantisation very is approximating the signals to the utmost possible range. The fig below shows the sampling of a singal which is then quatises indicated by a red line. The quantization is necessary as during the sampling the weakened range of signals may not be digitised. This results in loss of information. By approximating the values the reconstruction of signal is perfect.CODINGCoding is the process of converting the sampled signals to n bits which are represented by 0 and 1s. These bits represent certain voltage levels which is given by the resultant role.SPECIFICATIONSWhen acquiring data to a computer, an analog to digital Conveter takes an analog signal and digitises the signal. The sigal is digitised to sertain binary numbers. These binary numbers represents individual voltage levels. Resolution refers to the number of binary levels ADC can represent a signal. The resolution of a n bit ADC can be by taking the value .The ADC card which is used in the Project is CIO-DASO8/JR-A0.DATA skill AND CONTROL ARCHITECTUREData acquisition and cntrol architectlog input is given to the pc via ADC which converts the analog input to digital input. The data can be transmitted bidirectionally with the help of data acquisition device. Labview Software is loaded in the pc which acquires the data with the help of built in libraraies.INSTACALInstacal is software which manages the data acquisition hardware. It is used in calibration of the boards attached. It scans all the internal registers and the electronic equipment and if any fault found error messages are shown.The ADC is calibrated with the help of instacal to accommodate whether the data logger is accurate or not.CHAPTER 5LABVIEWLabview environment is heart-to-heart by when new VI is selected from the start up screen. The file plug-in contains commands for file manipulations. Edit menu is used to modify the block diagram and front panel objects. By default the undo or make over settings for a VI are 8. It can be manipulated as per the requirement. give out menu acts in running or stopping a VI or to change the settings of VI. The tools menu acts as interface in communication with the data acquisition boards to build the applications and in enabling the vane server. window INTRODUCTIONLabview programming is mainly divided into two panels. The first one is the Front Panel and all the controls and indicators are in lPC Monitoring of DynamometerPC Monitoring of DynamometerABSTRACTThe aim of the project PC MONITORING OF DYNAMOMETER is to measure and display the Speed Torque and Power of Motor. The behaviour of motor under load and no load characteristics have been studied with the help of virtual instrumentation. The variations in the motor Speed, Torque and Power at no load torque and full load torque have been analysed. Power determines the efficiency of the motor.Torque is varied by altering resistance in the dynamometer control circuit. The entire system will interface with a PC providing virtual instrumentation and data logging facilities. The graphical programming software has been used to study the characteristics of the motor by loadin g. Data logging and analysis is done by implementing the concept of LabVIEW.AIMSThe aim of the project to build and develop the LabVIEW Program to acquire and analyse the data with the help of ADC card. Speed, Torque and Power of the shunt wound dc motor are acquired and analysed.OBJECTIVESImplement the concept of virtual instrumentation.Develop LabVIEW program to acquire Torque, Speed and Power.Analyse the motor characteristics under load and no load using the visual programming.To show the difference between acquiring the data manually and applying Virtual Instrumentation.Chapter 1 gives the introduction to the Motors, Labview and the literature review to realise the project.Chapter 2 is the study of Virtual Instrumentation and Labview programming.Chapter 3 explains the terms Torque, Speed Power asscociated with the shunt motor.Chapter 4 includes the experimental setup for the project with the specifications and the individual work of each and every component.Chapter 5 discussion part includes the introduction to LabVIEW tools used in the programming for the project.Chapter 6 contains the analysis for the manual operation of the motor when load is applied. Includes Torque, Speed, and Voltage characteristics.Chapter 7 includes the labview program for Speed, Torque and Power with the analysis for motor under loaded conditions.Chapter 8 includes the conclusions and the future scope of the project.CHAPTER-1INTRODUCTIONThe extent to which electrical energy is used has influence on the development of industry and the economic prosperity of nation. Therefore rather than conserving the energy, methods need to be implemented to control the electrical energy and hence it can be possible only when the problems associated with the system are analysed and rectified with use of technology and time limitation.In industries the shunt wound motors are used where speed control is a critical aspect. The shunt wound motors are highly flexible, versatile and even the operation costs are minimum. The speed of rollers in large rolling mills is an very important aspect to be measured. In this type of application the rpm of each motor is measured and compared to setpoints.Under load motors draw more current which may damage the working capabilities of the motor thus causing damage. Hence there is a need for operating range for a motor to work even in extreme conditions. Characteristics such as Speed, Torque, Power, operating voltage and current are important for selection of motors. Power is the capability of the motor to do some work.The motor characteristics at high speed are highly different from that to low speeds. The power of motors is very low at high speeds consuming very less of electric distribution. The shunt wound type of motors run basically at a constant speed, regardless of load.In industries the shunt wound motors are used where speed control is a critical aspect. The shunt wound motors are highly flexible, versatile and even the operation cos ts are minimum.Motors runs at certain speed depending on the shunt field and armature. The armature produces the back EMF to maintain a certain speed as the shaft rotates. The back EMF is produced when the rotor rotates. As the load increases it causes the armature shaft to slow down and in this case the back EMF produced will be decreased.There are two methods for controlling the speed of a motor. The first one is by increasing or decreasing the voltage supply to the field. If less voltage is given the motor runs at low speed and as the voltage is increased the speed increases accordingly. The other method is by inserting resistance in the field circuit which makes the speed to vary upon changing the load. When load is increased apparently speed is decreased and vice versa. The change in load and speed torque and power can be acquired with the Software designed for acquisition and data analysis which is LabVIEW.LABVIEWLab view in short is for Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineeri ng Workbench. Labview is a very powerful and flexible instrumentation and analysis software developed by National Instruments. Labview is a programme particularly developed for engineers and scientists working in automation industry and data analysis.The principle Labview works is the data flow. They are broken into wires and nodes. The inputs and outputs are considered a node. It has got the built in libraries for Data Acquisition, Instrument Control and data analysis. Data acquisition is to measure electrical or physical quantities such as voltage, current, temperature, pressure, or sound. PC-based data acquisition is a combination of hardware, application software, and pc for logging the data.Software is highly important to data acquisition systems. The reduction of hardware can be done if an effective software is designed. Data Acquisition software collects the data and displays the data. Ease in data analysis and presentation are the major reasons for using the computers in dat a acquisition .LabVIEW can acquire accurate and timely measurements for monitoring industrial and control system applications. LabVIEW quickly connects to number of industrial sensors which acquires data at very high speeds. The tools provided in the LabVIEW can perform advanced signal processing, frequency analysis, digital signal processing. LabVIEW can also be applied for machine vision, motion control, and machine condition monitoringIn LabVIEW, the logic can be easily developed by using the drag drop graphical icons instead of writing lines of programs. Time taking programmes can be written in very short period using labview. This graphical language can be used in industrial applications to control instruments, build automated test systems, and acquire data virtually and many more.LITERATURE REVIEWThe literature on fundamentals and applications of data acquisition, instrumentation, and control to engineering and technology is very extensive.Peter T lee conducted experiments bas ed on the torque-speed characteristics of a motor with the help of mechanical design and 3-D using the computer. The computer simulation was drawn from a mechanical model. Upon implementing the above methods a conclusion has been made on the torque- speed characteristics of dc shunt motor. The maximum speed of the motor is at no load applying zero torque. The stall torque represents a point where the motor is at zero speed. Dynamic and steady state response mathematical models were designed. The torque meter is used to calculate the torque. The torque speed curve obtained is is bit nonlinear. The mechanical design produced had few constraints which led to the nonlinearity of the curves.As described by Comer in dc electric motor control systems series motors develop high torques at very low speeds when compared to shunt motors. For a given voltage the speed-torque characteristics show a linear decrease with the speed. Motor speed is controlled by controlling the voltage to the armatu re which involves construction of a circuit involving inverter amplifier, opamps, pulse width modulator which is confusing and rather time taking.Saffet Ayasun proposed Matlab and Simpower systems for studying the steady state and transient characteristics of electrical machines. Simulink models have been designed to control the speed in three ways. Simulink has been proposed for field resistance control, armature resistance control and armature voltage control. The conclusions drawn from the simulink modelling is that the electrical machines are perfectly integrated with the software.Pierre Guillemin proposed a technique based on fuzzy logic for controlling a dc motor. His work included on motors in food processing industries whose speed varies upon load. He worked on designing the fuzzy logic for the speed to be constant even though theres a much change in the load. The main methodlogy is top control the voltage involving the techniques of phase angle modulation and pulse width mo dulation. Use of fuzzy logic avoided the need for mathematical modelling. Real time test and acquisition has been done using the pc and eprom version of ST6 device has been used for controlling the fuzzy logic. So the main disadvantage of using ST6 is that it needs pages of text coding and has a instruction list of 40./pFrom the above proposed techniques we can conclude that it not only makes the system complicated but also it takes lot of time to design a program and create a logic for it to run. Manual way of operating may result in human errors decreasing the quality of product. Hence the need for data acquisition at high speed without much implementation of hardware components can be possible with the help of virtual instrumentation. Virtual instrumentation is the combination of modular software and I/O with software as its main tool.Today in any type of computer aided manufacturing project work and laboratory tests, precision and reliability of instrumentation and data acquisit ion techniques may cause major impacts on results and outcomes. Therefore, there is a need to gain knowledge and skills to obtain any type of physical or virtual data on manufacturing, testing, measurement, and protection areas.METHODOLOGYThe data has been acquired from a dynamometer motor system and is displayed on the pc for analysis involving a communication between hardware and software. The ADC card communicates between the systems with the help of a data cable. The conditioned signals are connected to the channels of the DAQ board. The hardware system is in conjunction with the PC running LabVIEW. LabVIEW contains front panel and the block diagram which displays the data acquired and further analysis can be done. The front panel and block diagram are responsible for the understanding of programming involved.CHAPTER-2VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATIONVirtual Instrumentation is the combination of software, Input/Output hardware for the user desired applications. Sofware is the heart of Vir tual Instrumentation. Instrumentation is basically divided into two types one is natural instrumentation and the other is Virtual Instrumentation. Natural instrumentation consists of hardware components and Virtual instrumentation is of Software with limited hardware components.The main difference between natural instrumentation and virtual instrumentation is that the software component of virtual instruments is more reliable and versatile when compared to the hardware components.TRADITIONAL INSTRUMENT VS VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTThe above Fig shows the difference between natural Instrument and a Virtual Instruments. In natural instrument a embedded chip is fixed to do a particular job which is not flexible whereas in a virtual instrument software can be modified and used for different applications as per the requirement.LabVIEWLabview stands for Laboratory Virtual Instrument Engineering Workbench. LabView is a visual programming language from National Instruments. The graphical language i s originally named G. LabVIEW is used for data acquisition, industrial automation and instrument control. The programs in labview are called as virtual instruments .The graphical language can be easily identified by visual identification which makes it very easier to understand.Labview programs are termed as virtual instruments as they generally look and work as the instruments. Labview comes with a mechanism which allows data to pass between front panel and the block diagram.Labview is used by engineers and scientists to develop the sophisticated measurement, test, analyse control systems using graphical icons and wires. Labview can integrate with thousands of hardware devices and numerous built libraries are provided for analysis and data visualisationDATAFLOW PROGRAMMINGThe programming language used in LabVIEW is called G which is termed as a dataflow language. Labview Programme execution is determined by the way the block diagram is structured. Drawing wires are used to connect different function nodes. The information is transferred through the wires. The program is executed as soon as the input is available. G program is capable of parallel execution. The dataflow completely defines the execution sequence, and can be fully controlled by the programmer. The execution sequence is perfectly defined in Labview as defined in some software languages.GRAPHICAL PROGRAMMINGLabVIEW programs are called virtual instruments. Each VI has three componentsBlock diagramFront panelConnector pane.Data Flow is the principle for the VI execution. The VI are data driven whereas the normal text coding are instruction driven as specified by the programmer. When all the input data is available then the node starts executing and the processed data is supplied to the output terminals. The graphical language makes it very easier for the programmers in which virtual instruments can be dragged and dropped as per requirement. Stand alone applications can be built with the help of adva nced labview development systems.The front panel serves as a user interface between the user and the pc. When front panel is dropped as a node onto the block diagram, the node inputs and outputs can be defined in with the help of connector pane.CHAPTER -3DC SHUNT MOTORA motor is a machine which converts electrical energy to mechanical or rotating energy. DC motors are basically divided into two types. Series motors and Shunt motor.Shunt Motor are the one in which the field is parallel to the load. In shunt motors the armature is mounted on the motor shaft. The rotating part in the dc motor is termed as the armature. The windings are located in the slots on the surface of the armature. When the current is supplied to the armature windings it creates a magnetic field that reacts with the field poles. Hence this magnetic field develops a torque which turn the rotor that is the armature. While the rotor rotates it induces a voltage which is opposite to the supplied voltage and hence emf is generated.At start the resistance is high and as the motor picks up the speed the resistance is reduced gradually. In manual start the resistance is controlled by the man at work whereas in automatic start of motor the armature voltage or current is taken into consideration and the resistance is corrected in the begging of start .The increase in armature voltage results in increase in speed and as the armature voltage is decreased the speed decreases. Torque is directly proportional to armature current. Increases in armature current causes the increase in torque.The rotation of the armature can be reversed by reversing the current direction.At start of the motor the current is high. As armature starts rotating the back emf increases gradually with the speed and the current decreases. When the speed of the armature comes to constant the back emf is stable approaching the induced voltage.If a mechanical load is applied the speed decreases and hence the counter emf decreases. This decreases in counter emf increases the differential voltage and thus increases the input current supply to motor.Torque is directly proportional to armature magnetic field strength. Armature magnetic field is directly proportional to armature current which in turn depends on mechanical load applied. Hence any increase in mechanical load increases the armature current and armature magnetic field strength and thus the Torque increases. Thus the speed of the motor decreases.DC motors are differentiated based on their voltage, torque, speed and power.TORQUETorque is the rotating force of the shaft of a motor. This rotating force is developed due to the interaction of magnetic field between field windings and the field poles. The torque of a motor can be determined by connecting it to prony brakeThe torque in general terms is the force exerted by the shaft of a motor. i.e if force is applies to a lever which is free to rotate about one fixed point the lever will rotate unless restrained. The torque is defined as t=Fr or Frsin?. The torque which is produced in clockwise is called a clockwise torque and the torque which is obtained in anticlockwise is called anticlockwise torque.FULL LOAD TORQUEThe continous torque motor can support without overheating under the specified time rating is full load torque.PEAK TORQUEPeak torque is the maximum torque required at any point. Peak torque is delivered to motor without much overheating the motor. Peak torque is normally less than the stall torque.PULL OUT TORQUEThis is maximum torque of the rotating shaft when operated at high speed and full voltage. Pull out torque is also considered as the breakdown torque.STARTING TORQUETorque exerted by the motor when energized at full voltage with its shaft locked is starting torque. It is also termed as locked rotor torque.SPEEDThe motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. The rotational energy is used to lift things, propel things, turn things, etc. When a specific volta ge is supplied to a motor, it rotates the output shaft at a particular speed. The angular velocity, is measured in rad/s, rps, rpm.Speed of a shunt motor can be controlled in three ways.Field Control MethodArmature Control MethodArmature Voltage Control methodFIELD CONTROL METHODIn field control method the speed of the armature is controlled by adjusting the field current. upto certain speed the counter emf and the speed remains constant. Field Control method is also termed as constant speed drive.ARMATURE RESISTANCE CONTROLIn Armature resistance control external resistance is inserted in the armature circuit for controlling the speed of motor. The insertion of resistance keeps the armature current constant in certain speed range. The main disadvantages using this techniques include powerloss in external resistance and overall low efficiency when speed is reduced to great extent.ARMATURE VOLTAGE CONTROLArmature voltage control is preferred over the other methods as powerloss and low efficiency is avoided. In this method the shunt field current is kept constant while varying the armature voltage. Hence the armature current and the flux generated remains constant. At certain current the torque remains constant since armature current is directly proportional to torque. Thus the speed of the motor can be controlled to certain range.SPEED REGULATIONThe speed regulation for a dc motor is the ratio of change in speed from no load to full loadf load speed.POWERThe power of a motor is defined as the capability of motor to do given amount of work.Power of a motor depends on torque, speed of the shaft and the amount of time the time operates.Electric motors are rated generally on their maximum efficiency. Thus Greater the horse power of a motor greater is the working range. Operation of a motor more than rated horse power leads to overheating of the motor thus causing a stall. This may even damage the motor in the long run. The power of motor can be determined by connect ing it to a dynamometer.DYNAMOMETERDynamometer is a device which measures force and power. Eddy current Dynamometer consists of a stator in which electromagnets and rotor disc are coupled to shaft of the engine .When a rotor is made to rotate the eddy currents are produced in the stator due to magnetic flux which is created by the filed current in electromagnets. This type of dynamometers requires some cooling arrangement as the eddy currents produced dissipates heat energy. The moment arm is used to measure the torque. In this kind of dynamometers the load is controlled by the regulation of currents in electromagnetic fields.Design CycleThe selection of appropriate hardware and software was an essential part of this project. The first section of this chapter 4 gives the information of hardware components of a system, the diagrams and specifications are discussed .The second part of this chapter describes the hardware design process and software is described in the third section ,co de used for the system are going to be presented.CHAPTER 4EXPERIMENTAL SETUPDC SHUNT MOTOR-WORKINGThe DC motor has two basic partsThe choosen shunt Dc motor is the motor which converts electrical power to mechanical power. The shunt motor is different from that of series motor. In the shunt type dc motor field winding is connected in parallel with the armature. The field winding is parallel to armature and this is referred as shunt winding and the motor is called a shunt motor.The rated rpm of the motor is 1500. The speed of the motor can be increased or decreased with the help of a drive. The current can be increased or decreased to set the speed. To reduce the speed of the motor mechanical load can be applied. Torque can be applied to reduce the speed of the motor. Under loaded conditions the speed of the motor reduces.Motor can be applied until it reaches the rated torque of the motor. If the load goes beyond the rated torque it starts drawing high curent and after some time it c omes to stall.CHARACTERISTICS OF SHUNT MOTORShunt motors run at constant speed even when there is huge variation in the load. The Speed of the shunt-wound motors may be regulated in two ways. The first way is by putting resistance in series with the armature, through which the speed is decreased and the second method is by inserting resistance in the field by which the speed will vary as the motor is loaded.The characteristics of a shunt-wound motor is that it has a very good speed regulation, and is aconstant speed motor, though the speed slightly decreases as load is increased. Shunt-wound motors are used mostly in industrial and automotive applications where accurate measurement of Torque, Speed are highly necessary.EDDY CURRENT DYNAMOMETERA dynamometer is a device used to load the motor which also indicates the torque. The dynamometer used in this project works on hysteresis brake principle. The dynamometer system mainly consists of three partsDynamometerTorque indicatorPower Su pplyEddy current dynamometers are the actuated braking systems. This braking system develops load torque with the interaction from the dc magnetic field produced by the windings on the stator and induced eddy currents in the rotor. When the magnetic field is added around the rotor it causes eddy currents. These eddy currents help in slowing down the speed.Dynamometer01CJC.svgThe torque developed in the dynamometer is transmitted to the stator which is free to rotate over an arc and this is used to deflect a spring balance and so the torque can be directly measured on a scale. Eddy current dynamometer comes with a rotary potentiometer which works on the principleROTARY POTENTIOMETERRotary potentiometers come with a spiral resistive strip, and a wiper which moves axially as it rotates. As the wiper moves across the resistive strip resistance changes.VOLTAGE DIVIDERThe voltage divider is used to know the output voltage when input voltage is given across the resistance. The ouput voltag e depends upon the input voltage given and the resistor chosen. The resistor choosen is 10k? and an input voltage of 5v is given to the voltage divider.VOLTAGE DIVIDERThe input voltage is given across the termicals 1 and 2 and the output voltage is taken across the terminals 2 and 3.Connect the voltmeter across the resistance . Now switch the output voltage off and manipulate the input voltage to 5v. Now switch on the output toggle button on . The input voltage is set to 5v.AC TACHOMETERTachometers are used to measure the angular speed of a rotating shaft. The speed is measured in revolutions per minute (rpm). A tachometer works on the principle that it the speed of rotating shaft is determined by the variation in output frequency signal or voltage. As the speed increases the voltage level and the frequency increases.CONTACT TYPE AC TACHOMETERThe above fig shows the tachometer coupled to the motor. Ac tachometer used in the design is rated at 0.5v/100rpm. It shows that increase in speed increases. For every 100rpm variation the voltage increases by 0.5 rpm. The voltage signal from the ac tachometer is given to the simple presicion rectifier which further converts the signal to dc voltage.SIMPLE PRECISION FULL WAVE RECTIFIERA simple precision full wave rectifier converts the ac voltage to dc voltage. The simple precision full wave rectifier is built with operation amplifier which works on the principle of differential voltage.An operational amplifier is a DC-coupled high-gain electronic voltage amplifier which has differential inputs and a single output. Negative feed back controls the gain in the opamps. The output goes positive when the non inverting input(+) goes more positive than the inverting input (-) and vice versaWhen the input signal goes positive again, the op amps output voltage will take time to go back to zero, then to forward bias the diode and produce an output. The time taken is determined by the opamps slew rate. Slew rate is the maximum atta inable range of the output voltage. Slew rate limits the highest frequency of the sin wave.The opamp 741 choosen in the project has a slew rate of 0.5v per micro secondsSIMPLE PRECISION FULL WAVE RECTIFIERThe negative voltage at the input through the diode and resistor. The positive half cycles appear at the output of the second diode. When positive voltage is given the feed back is given by the diodes and hence negative cycles . The positive cycles and negative cycles are summed differentially to get the output voltage.The opamp 741 choosen in the project has a slew rate of 0.5v per micro secondsFor measurement applications the signal has to be ripple free. Hence low pass filter can be used to achieve the signal free from ripples.RC LOW PASS FILTERResistor Capacitance generally termed as RC circuits are used in filtering a signal waveform, thus changing the relative amounts of high frequency and low information in their output signals compared to their input signals. RC filter is a common application for smoothing a signal.The RC circuit has a capacitor and a resistor in which are connected in series. The charged capacitor would discharge its energy into the resistor placed in series with it. This voltage across the capacitor is found through Kirchhoffs current law which says that the current coming from capacitor is equal the current flowing out through the resistor. The linear differential eqn. can be given byANALOG TO DIGITAL CARDAnalog to Digital conversion is interfacinf the analog I/O with the Digital I/O. ADC cnversion takes place in three stages. They are Sampling, Quantisation and encoding. The ADC card which is used in the Project is CIO-DASO8/JR-A0.SAMPLINGThe analog input cannot be directly sent to the pc. The ADC digitises the analog input signal continusly. The proper reconstruction of signal is possible only when the sampling rate is twice the highest frequency component. If the sampling rate is under that the problem of Alaising occurs.To elem inate the problems of aliasing the signal must be sampled at a rate higher than Nyquist frequency rate. The fig shows the sampling rates and the construction of the signal.If a signal is sampled at too low rate perfect reconstruction of signal is nt possible which results in the loss of data.QUANTISATIONQuantisation represents the signal in discrete and certainj voltage levels. Quantisation actually is approximating the signals to the lowest possible range. The fig below shows the sampling of a singal which is then quatises indicated by a red line. The quantization is necessary as during the sampling the small range of signals may not be digitised. This results in loss of information. By approximating the values the reconstruction of signal is perfect.CODINGCoding is the process of converting the sampled signals to n bits which are represented by 0 and 1s. These bits represent certain voltage levels which is given by the resolution.SPECIFICATIONSWhen acquiring data to a computer, an analog to digital Conveter takes an analog signal and digitises the signal. The sigal is digitised to sertain binary numbers. These binary numbers represents respective voltage levels. Resolution refers to the number of binary levels ADC can represent a signal. The resolution of a n bit ADC can be by taking the value .The ADC card which is used in the Project is CIO-DASO8/JR-A0.DATA ACQUISITION AND CONTROL ARCHITECTUREData acquisition and cntrol architectlog input is given to the pc via ADC which converts the analog input to digital input. The data can be transmitted bidirectionally with the help of data acquisition device. Labview Software is loaded in the pc which acquires the data with the help of built in libraraies.INSTACALInstacal is software which manages the data acquisition hardware. It is used in calibration of the boards attached. It scans all the internal registers and the electronic equipment and if any fault found error messages are shown.The ADC is calibrated with th e help of instacal to check whether the data logger is accurate or not.CHAPTER 5LABVIEWLabview environment is opened by when new VI is selected from the start up screen. The file menu contains commands for file manipulations. Edit menu is used to modify the block diagram and front panel objects. By default the undo or redo settings for a VI are 8. It can be manipulated as per the requirement.Operate menu acts in running or stopping a VI or to change the settings of VI. The tools menu acts as interface in communicating with the data acquisition boards to build the applications and in enabling the web server.WINDOW INTRODUCTIONLabview programming is mainly divided into two panels. The first one is the Front Panel and all the controls and indicators are in l