Homosexuals are Not Born Gay Essays - 1369 Words

If a young boy has a feminine throw he may be homosexual. Also if he has a soft or high voice this would be another detection that one would be homosexual. There have been many conclusions and statements as to what causes homosexuality. These are the traits that normally are classed with someone who is homosexual. The popular argument in today’s society is that homosexuality is something that is inborn, genetically linked to an enlarged gland in the brain or due to a particular chromosome. This would prove that it is natural, and that it is luck of the draw whether one is homosexual. There have been many studies done to prove this theory, but due to a lack of evidence it has remained just that, a theory. Homosexuality, contrary to popular†¦show more content†¦Richard Pillard of Boston University School of Medicine experimented with twins comparing fraternal twins to identical twins. Within each set of twins, one was homosexual. The doctors were out to prove that if on e twin was homosexual there was a pretty good chance that the other was too. This would prove homosexuality to be true because if the chemical make-up of one were so similar to the other then they would both be gay (Newman 2) Pillard and Bailey’s study showed that the identical twins had a much greater chance of both being gay then the fraternal twins did. â€Å"They found that, among identical twins, 52 percent were both homosexual, as opposed to the fraternal twins, among whom only 22 percent shared a homosexual orientation†(Dallas 114). Because the study was done with twins, Pillard and Bailey concluded â€Å"higher incidence of shared homosexuality among identical twins meant that homosexuality was genetic in origin†(Dallas 114) In 1993, Dean Hamer of the National Cancer institute and his co-workers performed further studies towards the genetics of homosexuality. They studied thirty-two pairs of non-identical homosexual brothers. No two pairs were related. â€Å"†¦ Hamer and his colleagues found that two- thirds of them (twenty-two of the sets of brothers) shared the same type of genetic material.†(Newman1). Researchers in the past have claimed that the â€Å"homosexual† gene was past down maternally. Because of this, Hamer looked closely at theShow MoreRelatedLady Gaga Released Her Lead Single1700 Words   |  7 Pagessingle â€Å"Born This Way†. The single features the names of the LGBT community and other minority groups and it reaches out to addition fans. The National Health and Social Life Survey found that 2.8 percent of the male, and 1.4 percent of the female, population identify themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual (Sprigg and Dailey Ch.2). Homosexuality is the desire f or sexual attraction to people of one’s own gender. Throughout the years, research has been done to â€Å"prove† that people are born homosexualsRead More Gay Child Rearing Essay1656 Words   |  7 PagesThe sexuality and development of children with gay parents must be most affected by the rearing of the gay parents. Does having gay parents affect a child’s mental health and growth? Can education and socialization be decreased with the presence of gay parents? How could it be possible that children are not affected by having two parents of the same sex? Doesn’t this cause some gender confusion for the child? How can a child develop properly without the experience of both a male and female role modelRead MoreIs Being Gay A Choice Or Nah?1264 Words   |  6 PagesIs Being Gay a Choice or Nah? â€Å"According to the APA today, there is little scientific consensus about the exact factors that cause a person to be gay, but most people don t experience a choice about their sexual orientation.† (Megan Gannon) In our society, arguing about whether or not a person was born homosexual is very common. You have people who claim that homosexuality is something that person chooses to be, and then you have people who claim that homosexuality is something that they were bornRead MoreBehavioral Differences between Homosexuals and Gay Men1052 Words   |  4 Pageshomosexuality, especially male homosexuality. When boys are born, there is no doubt that they share the same gender. Yet as they grow up and diverge to become homosexuals and heterosexuals, they begin to demonstrate a host of different characteristics that makes one clearly distinct from the other. A close examination of typical homosexual and heterosexual behavior confirms this fact. Although males are born with the sa me sex, homosexual and straight males differ in how they dress, talk and behaveRead MoreNo Restrictions on Love: The Inhumane Treatment of Gay People727 Words   |  3 PagesAfter the controversy of how Michael Sam’s football carrier will be affected because he came out about being gay, Dale Hansen responded with a commentary expressing, â€Å"You beat a woman and drag her down a flight of stairs, pulling her hair out by her roots? You are the fourth guy taken in the NFL draft. You kill people while driving drunk? That guy is welcome. Players accused of rape and pay the woman to go away? You lie to police trying to cover up a murder? We are comfortable with that. You loveRead MoreLegalizing Gay Marriage Essay examples1290 Words   |  6 Pageswrong. With homosexual relationships, comes the question about homosexual marriage. Should gay marriage become legal in all fifty United States, or should it stay illegal in some states and remain legal in others? Most of societyâ₠¬â„¢s issues and controversies come forth when subjects like religion, the home life, and values are discussed. The real question is who is society to judge someone, who doesn’t care about society’s opinion and only wants happiness for themselves? Homosexual marriage hasRead MoreThe Sexual Identity Of Homosexual People1678 Words   |  7 PagesTen percent of the human population is homosexual. In Greek it is pronounced á ½ ÃŽ ¼ÃÅ'Ï‚, meaning same, and sex derives from the term sexus in Latin. In Ancient Greece, sexuality was not questioned, and it was something that was rejoiced. Today, people all over the world question the sexual identity of homosexual people, because it goes against their religion, social standards, morals, and intellect. As humans, we must comprehend the fact that being gay is nothing more than love between two humans. AsRead MoreThe Issue Of The Gay Liberation Movement1627 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough the gay liberation movement had very little impact at that time, it set the stage for bigger and better changes in the future. Since the 1960’s America has added, removed, and adjusted laws against homosexuals. On May 17, 2004, Massachusetts becomes the first state in the United State to leg alize same–sex marriage. The Massachusetts Chief Justice concluded, â€Å"to deny the protections, benefits, and obligations conferred by civil marriage to gay couples was unconstitutional because it deniedRead MoreGay Bashing1670 Words   |  7 PagesIn 2008, 190 homosexuals were killed in Brazil, one every two days, known as a 55 percent increase on the previous year. The annual report on murders of homosexuals, according to the Grupo Gay da Bahia from Brazil, says that 64 percent of the victims were gay men, 32 percent were transvestites, and four percent were lesbians. This is absolutely astonishing. Even though homosexuals have chosen an alternative lifestyle, they still deserve to live a normal life without being victimized of physicalRead MoreHomosexuality: Inborn Trait or a Choice991 Words   |  4 Pagesnor female or male. This is just the way the person was born. Seeing it from this point of view I wonder why a person will choose to be a homosexual. It isnâ€⠄¢t that the person was born this way, more as so it was a choice and path they chose to take. Many wonder was it caused by environmental factors, what was the child introduced to in the earlier ages, was the child sexual molested, or was it caused by genetic or inborn traits? Homosexual is defined as: Of, relating to, or having a sexual orientation

Satire in Jane Austens Pride in Prejudice Essay - 3688 Words

Jane Austen’s Satirical Writing: Analyzing the Satire of Social Class Within Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice delves into the issue of why social standing in a society based solely on class should not be the most important thing when evaluating the worth of a person. Through several different literary techniques – such as letters and abundant focalizers – Austen conveys important information about key issues she has with the significance placed on social standing. The theme of class and social standing is echoed constantly throughout Austen’s novel in numerous ways, highlighting several aspects of the gentry that she distrusts. The entirety of the novel focuses mainly on the distances placed between characters†¦show more content†¦In assessing the weight that social standing has on the progression of the story in Pride and Prejudice, one can attain a great bit of insight into why specific characters act the way they do throughout the novel. The infamous Bingley sisters, for instance, are so attached to the idea of mater ial wealth that they fail to realize when their comments are unacceptable. Ms. Bingley herself, who is so attached to the idea that she is superior to Elizabeth in every way, cannot understand why Mr. Darcy could possibly find Elizabeth attractive in any sort of manner. It is her status-hungry and conceited personality that allows the audience to see the sheer difference between her and her brother, Mr. Charles Bingley. Unlike his sisters, he is not trying to climb up the social hierarchy to gain status and power; instead, he shows a gentler, more levelheaded side to the gentry as he falls in love with Elizabeth’s older sister, Jane. It is characters with personalities and ideals like Mr. Bingley’s that Austen revered and trusted above all others. Curiously enough, however, the hardheaded Mr. Darcy, who is very aware of his social standing, is the one character in the novel who goes through the most drastic personality change. Though Elizabeth Bennet had the positive, clever and levelheaded personality that Austen herself may have had when dealing with the social mobility of her time, it is insteadShow MoreRelatedClass In Pride And Prejudice Analysis844 Words   |  4 Pagesembodies† (17). Yet, while Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice sets out to challenge societal misgivings, it also suggests hints at a reinforcement of a patriarchal and capitalistic hierarchy. Therefore, one must ask if Austen’s work is readily attempting to challenge society and transform it to match the more feminine and self-aware conceptions presented in the text through its protagonist, Elizabeth Bennet, and her experience. Ultimately, does Austen in Pride and Prejudice reinforce or challenge ‘class’Read More Comparing S atire in Canterbury Tales, Pride and Prejudice and The Rape of the Lock1351 Words   |  6 PagesUse of Satire in Canterbury Tales, Pride and Prejudice and The Rape of the Lock Jane Austen and Alexander Pope had had a myriad of writing styles and techniques from which to express the desired themes of their works.   Satire, however, seemed to be the effective light-hearted, yet condescending, tool that enabled them to surface the faults and follies of their moral and elite society.   In Chaucers Canterbury Tales, satire is used to the full extent in revealing the glutton within a piousRead MoreSatire Of Being Earnest And Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1533 Words   |  7 PagesNineteenth century European society was characterized by organized religion and a rigid class system. Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest and Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice use satire to reveal faults in these elements of society. Many of Wilde’s criticisms of society are provoked by his closeted homosexuality. He portrays religion as a restricting, meaningless convention and depicts the aristocratic class as a hypocritical and unempatheti c lot. Austen similarly finds faults in theseRead MoreNorthanger Abbey as a Precursor to Pride and Prejudice Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesJane Austen’s Northanger Abbey is frequently described as a novel about reading—reading novels and reading people—while Pride and Prejudice is said to be a story about love, about two people overcoming their own pride and prejudices to realize their feelings for each other. If Pride and Prejudice is indeed about how two stubborn youth have misjudged each other, then why is it that this novel is so infrequently viewed to be connected to Austen’s original novel about misjudgment and reading one’s fellowsRead More Essay on Pride and Prejudice as Romantic Novel and Romantic Criticism1398 Words   |  6 PagesPride and Prejudice as Romantic Novel and Romantic Criticism       To a great extent, Jane Austen satirizes conventional romantic novels by inverting the expectations of love at first sight and the celebration of passion and physical attractiveness, and criticizing their want of sense. However, there are also elements of conventional romance in the novel, notably, in the success of Jane and Bingleys love.    The first indication of Austens inversion of accepted romantic conventionsRead MoreNontraditional Women in Jane Austen ´s Pride and Prejudice Essay983 Words   |  4 Pages19th century, these women express attitudes that deviate from the typical stereotype. Pride and Prejudice offers Jane Austen’s take on the traditional 19th century woman through indirect characterization, tonal elements, and heavy satire and irony to portray the idea that flawed women (in the 19th century sense) hold the key to success. Charlotte Lucas, the rational, plain often overlooked character in Austen’s novel is one of these nontraditional women. She is older than many of the central charactersRead MoreJane Austen: Pride and Prejudice 1086 Words   |  5 PagesJane Austen, born December 16, 1775, was an English novelist whose works of romantic fiction earned her a place as one of the most widely read authors in English literature. Austen’s novels critique the life of the second half of the eighteenth century and are part of the transition to nineteenth-century realism. Though her novels were by no means autobiographical, her fictional characters do shed light on the facts of her life and but more importantly, they offered aspiring writers a model of howRead MorePride and Prejudice: Exploring the Chasm Between Love and Marriage in Georgian England1675 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Pride and Prejudice†, is a novel which explores the huge chasm between love and marriage in Georgian England. Jane Austen’s presentation of passion and matrimony reiterates the fact that marriage is a â€Å"business arrangement†. Austen uses irony to make fun of polite society in this satire and Austen also emphasizes the point that social hierarchy dictates whom you can marry. The pressures of men and women in Georgian England are revealed through her exploration of the aristocracy’s prejudice againstRead MoreIrony in Pride and Prejudice995 Words   |  4 PagesIrony in Pride and Prejudice Irony forms the alma mater of Jane Austen’s novels. Likewise, â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† is steeped in irony of theme, situation, character, and narration. Austen uses it to establish the contrast between appearance and reality. As one examines â€Å"Pride and Prejudice†, one discovers the ironic significance of how pride leads to prejudice and prejudice invites pride. Importantly, the novel elucidates how both â€Å"Pride† and â€Å"Prejudice† have their corresponding virtues bound upRead More Essay on the Irony of Pride in Pride and Prejudice1262 Words   |  6 Pagesof Pride in Pride and Prejudice      Ã‚  Ã‚   Jane Austen uses the elements of both pride and prejudice to develop the satire in her novel. Austen presents pride as both a vice and a virtue. Austen first introduces pride as a vice of arrogance and prejudice, but as the characters in the novel develop so does the concept of pride. Towards the end of the novel pride becomes the vehicle for many of the noble actions taken by the main characters. Austen skillfully interweaves the two parts of pride, the

V xcvbxcv Free Essays

Under this contract, the customer selects the capital equipment or property (assets) to be nuanced by the bank and the bank then purchases these assets from the manufacturer or supplier and then leases them to the customer for an agreed period. In conformity with the Shari’s, the owner of the assets (in this case the bank) must be paid rent (fixed or variable, as agreed by the lesson and lessee) and must exercise all the rights and obligations that are incidental to ownership such as maintaining, insuring and repairing the assets. The lessee, on the other hand, obtains the use of the asset for the period of the lease subject to paying the rent. We will write a custom essay sample on V xcvbxcv or any similar topic only for you Order Now The lessee may assume the obligations, such as maintaining, insuring and repairing the asset, in return for a reduced rent. 1 . 3. 2 What is Car Ajar? As mentioned above ‘Jar is basically the transfer of suffuses (defined below) of a fixed asset to another person for an agreed period, for an agreed consideration. Under a Car ‘Jar agreement the car will be rented to the customer for the period agreed at the time of contract. Upon completion of the lease period the customer in the Means case discussed below, gets ownership of the car against his initial security deposit. Car ‘Jar is a Shari’s-compliant car-leasing scheme. It is based on the principles of Jar and is completely free from the element of interest. This product is designed for interpretative individuals, looking for a car-financing scheme that helps in avoiding interest-based transactions. So Car ‘Jar is simply a rental agreement under which the car will be given to the customer in exchange for rent for a period, agreed at the time of the contract. Means Bank, based in Pakistan and a pioneer in this area, purchases the car and rents it out to the customer for a period of three, four or five years. Upon completion of the lease period the customer gets ownership of the car against his initial security deposit. Somewhat confusingly, the Means Car ‘Jar scheme has elements of ‘Jar WA Satin within it. In this case study I propose to follow the Means assumption in using ‘Jar in the sense that it involves car ownership at the end of the maturity of the deal. This is in line with Shari’s methodology and terminology. . 3. 2. 1 What is Suffuses? Suffuses is the right of enjoying a thing, the property of which is vested in another, and to draw from the same all the profit, utility and advantage that it may produce, provided it be without altering the substance of the thing. Items without suffuses cannot be leased. It is necessary for a valid lease contract that the corpus of the leased asset remains in the ownershi p of the seller, and only its suffuses is transferred to the lessee. 1 . 3. 3 In what Sense is Car ‘Jar Interest Free? In Car Ajar, the asset remains under the ownership and at the risk of the bank and the customer only pays the rental for the use of the asset, Just like the rent of a house. 3 Under leasing or lease purchase, the Islamic financial institution buys the financed asset and retains the title through the life of the contract. The customer makes a series of lease payments over a specified period of time, and may have the option at the end to buy the item from the lesson (and owner) at a pre specified residual value. Leasing was not originally a mode of financing. It was simply a transaction meant to transfer the suffuses of a property from one person to another for an agreed period and an agreed upon consideration. Leasing can be used as a mode of financing, in Islamic banks, as an alternative to conventional car financing. However, the consideration of leasing as a mode of financing should be based on certain notations. It should be understood, by all using it as a mode of financing, that it is not sufficient to substitute the term ‘interest’ with the term ‘rent’, and use the term ‘mortgage’ instead of the term ‘leased asset’. There must be a significant difference between leasing and an interest-bearing loan. It is no secret that an Islamic bank or financial institution will take into consideration the same factors as a conventional bank when determining the rental payments and residual value. These would include the rate of inflation, the creditworthiness of the Jesse, the opportunity cost value of the money (as reflected by market interest rates) and so on. An implicit ‘interest rate’ can trivially be calculated from the price, residual value, term of the lease and the lease payment. This fact is not hidden. Indeed Muslim customers are encouraged to ‘shop around’ and ensure that the Islamic financial institution is not implicitly charging an interest rate, which is in line with the conventional market. In the final analysis, however, the difference is in the form of the contract. If the lease is structured in accordance with the various conditions within Islamic Jurisprudence, t will contract no rib and ensure that it cannot contain such forbidden rib in the future (e. G. In terms of late payment fees, etc. ). 1 . 3. 4 What is the Difference between a Conventional Lease and an Islamic Lease? The most important financial difference between Islamic leasing and conventional leasing is that, with Islamic leasing, the leasing agency must own the leased object for the duration of the lease. Therefore, although leasing a car from a car manufacturer or car dealership may in principle be permitted for Muslims (if the contract satisfies the other conditions), Muslims should investigate further. In many cases, the car dealership may in fact use a bank or other financial intermediary to provide a loan for the present value of lease payments, and charge the customer interest on this loan. This would constitute the forbidden rib. Scrupulous Islamic financial institutions ensure that the contract abides by all the restrictions set out in the Shari’s (e. G. , subleasing requires the permission of the lesson; late payment penalties must be handled very carefully to avoid rib, etc. ). The differences between conventional and Islamic financing schemes are described in he sections below. 1. 3. 4. Leasing versus Conventional Financing Conventional Financing The conventional financing schemes provide financing for purchasing a car; that is, in essence the financier is giving a loan and charging interest. 4 Islamic Financing The Islamic car financing – ‘Jar – is based on a lease contract. It is not a financing scheme; rather it is a lease contract. As mentione d earlier leasing is a contract whereby suffuses rights to an asset are transferred by the owner, known as the lesson, to another person, known as the lessee, at an agreed-upon price, called the .NET, and for an agreed-upon period of time, called the term of lease. . 3. 4. 2 Rentals versus Installments A conventional car financing scheme is actually an interest-based loan given by the financial institution, with interest being charged on the loan. Islamic car financing is based on pure rentals. In Car ‘Jar the asset remains at the ownership and risk of the bank and the customer only pays the rental for use of the asset, Just like the rent for a house. 1. 3. 4. 3 Ownership In conventional car financing, the car is purchased in the name of the buyer from the dealer. Islamic Financing Under ‘Jar the ownership remains with the bank; that is, the car is purchased from the dealer in the name of the bank. This is because it is one of the foremost conditions of the Islamic mode of leasing that an object cannot be leased out unless it is in the possession of the lesson. 1. 3. 4. 4 Risk/loss Since the car is bought in the name of the buyer in the traditional mode of car financing, the risk is immediately transferred to the buyer, whereas in the case of Islamic financing, this is not so. The car is purchased in the name of the bank from the dealer and so the risk mains entirely with the bank. As the corpus of the leased property remains in the ownership of the lesson, all the liabilities and risks emerging from the ownership are borne by the lesson. The lessee is responsible for any loss caused to the asset by misuse or negligence. The lessee can also be made liable for the wear and tear, which normally occurs during its use. But the lessee cannot be made liable for a loss caused by factors beyond his control. (The agreements CIO 5 with traditional car financing generally do not differentiate between these two situations. In a lease based on Islamic principles, both situations should be dealt with separately. 1. 3. 4. 5 Down-payment versus Security Deposit Both the down-payment and the security deposit are one-time payments. The major difference occurs because the buyer can buy back the car against the security deposit in the case of Ajar, whereas in conventional banking the down-payment remains with the bank, and no buy-back of the car can occur against the down- payment. With ‘Jar the buyer is required to keep a security deposit at the bank. There is a minimum and a maximum requirement for the security deposit. The requirement is efferent in the case of conventional car financing, where a down-payment is made by the buyer of the car. 1. 3. 4. 6 Return of the Car In a traditional car financing scheme, the customer takes out a loan to purchase the car, which he cannot return under any circumstances whatsoever, unless he pays off the loan. Islamic Financing In the Islamic mode of financing, the buyer has the right to return the car anytime during or at the end of the lease period. Since this is a lease agreement, and the lessee has been paying rentals, he can return the car to the bank and take back the security deposit any time he wishes. . 3. 4. 7 Termination of Contract The buyer of the car has the option and right to terminate the contract and return the car before the contract reaches its maturity in both the conventional and Islamic mode of car financing. The difference lies in the post-termination phase. In the conventional car financing scheme, if the customer wants to terminate the contract the only option he has is to buy the car by paying the rest of the installments. In the Islamic car financing scheme, the customer has two options: either return the car and get back the security deposit or buy the car from the bank at the market alee plus a certain percentage of spread for the bank. 6 1. 3. 4. 8 Documentation Differences Sequence/process Islam considers the procedure in which any transaction takes place as a significant factor in all modes of financing. The underlying difference between the Islamic and conventional modes of financing is that of the process. To Muslims, not only the end result but also the means to it are important. If the result is correct and the steps are wrong, or vice versa, the entire process is deemed invalid, from a Shari’s perspective. According to Shari’s principles, lawful steps to lawful results are very important. The most important financial difference between Islamic permitted leasing and conventional financial leasing is that the leasing agency must own the leased object for the duration of the lease. Ownership of the asset is the prerequisite for leasing out its suffuses. As mentioned, Islam places great emphasis on the sequencing. 1 . 3. The Means Bank Car ‘Jar Scheme Means Banks Car ‘Jar has been designed according to the principles of Islam and is completely interest-free. Moreover the ‘Jar contract and other documentation also comply with Shari’s requirements. In contrast, a conventional car-financing scheme s actually an interest-based loan given by the financial institution with interest being charged on the loan. Also, in conventiona l car-leasing schemes, the lease contract is not in compliance with Shari’s law and has rib and other UN-lilacs elements in it. 1. 3. 5. What Makes Car ‘Jar Unique? Some of the key characteristics of the Means Car ‘Jar are described in the following sections. Rights and Liabilities of Owner Versus User ‘Jar is an asset-based contract, that is, the lesson should have ownership of the asset during the life of the contract. Under Shari’s law all ownership-related rights and abilities should lie with the owners while all usage-related rights and liabilities should lie with the user. A conventional lease contract does not distinguish between the nature of these liabilities and dumps all liabilities on the user. This is not permitted under the Shari’s. Under ‘Jar all ownership-related risks lie with the bank and all usage related links lie with the user, thus making the lesson the true owner of the asset and making the income generated through the contract permissible (hall) for the Islamic bank. Continuation of Lease Rentals in the Case of Total Loss or Theft of Vehicle If the eased vehicle is stolen or completely destroyed the conventional leasing company would continue charging the lease holder rent until the settlement of the insurance claim. Under the Islamic system, however, rent is consideration for usage of the leased asset and, if the asset has been stolen or destroyed, the concept of rental becomes void. As such, in the above-mentioned eventualities, Means Bank does not charge the lease rental. Is there a Penalty for Late Payment of Rent? If so How is This Permissible Under the Shari’s? In most conventional financial leases an extra monetary amount is charged if rent is to paid on time. This extra amount is considered as rib under the Shari’s and is distinctly forbidden 7 (harm). The lessee may be asked to undertake that if he fails to pay rent on its due date, he will pay a certain amount to a charity that will be administered through the bank. For this purpose Means Bank maintains a charity fund where such amounts may be credited and disbursed for charitable purposes. What is the Insurance Arrangement under Car Ajar? Being the owner of the car, the bank will be responsible for insurance of the car and for paying the insurance premium. If Tactful (Islamic insurance) is not available, the insurance is done under the conventional system. Can the User Buy the Car Prior to the Termination of Rental Agreement? Yes. The rental agreement contains the purchase price schedule. Is the Product Approved by Means Banks Shari’s Board Yes. Car ‘Jar is designed under the supervision of Means Banks Shari’s Supervisory Board and is approved by the Board. In order for any Islamic financing technique to be acceptable to the Islamic community it has to be endorsed by the appropriate Shari’s Board who will provide a Fatwa (a religious ruling). The appendix to this case illustrates the Fatwa applicable to the Means Bank Car ‘Jar agreement. How to cite V xcvbxcv, Papers

Apple Code of Conduct free essay sample

Apple Supplier Code of Conduct Apple is committed to ensuring that working conditions in Apple’s supply chain are safe, that workers are treated with respect and dignity, and that manufacturing processes are environmentally responsible. Apple’s suppliers (â€Å"Suppliers†) are obligated, in all of their activities, to operate in full compliance with the laws, rules, and regulations of the countries in which they operate. This Supplier Code of Conduct (â€Å"Code†) goes further, drawing upon internationally recognized standards, in order to advance social and environmental responsibility.Apple requires that Suppliers implement this Code using the management systems described below. The Apple Supplier Code of Conduct is modeled on and contains language from the Electronic Industry Code of Conduct. Recognized standards such as International Labour Organization Standards (ILO), Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), Social Accountability International ( SAI), and the Ethical Trading Initiative (ETI) were used as references in preparing this Code and may be useful sources of additional information. A complete list of references is provided at the end of this Code. As an extension of the Code, Apple maintains a series of detailed Standards that clarify our expectations for compliance. Labor and Human Rights Suppliers must uphold the human rights of workers, and treat them with dignity and respect as understood by the international community.Antidiscrimination Suppliers shall not discriminate against any worker based on race, color, age, gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, disability, religion, political affiliation, union membership, national origin, or marital status in hiring and employment practices such as applications for employment, promotions, rewards, access to training, job assignments, wages, benefits, discipline, and termination. Suppliers shall not require a pregnancy test or discriminate against pregnant workers except where required by applicable laws or regulations or prudent for workplace safety.In addition, Suppliers shall not require workers or potential wor kers to undergo medical tests that could be used in a discriminatory way except where required by applicable law or regulation or prudent for workplace safety. Fair Treatment Suppliers must be committed to a workplace free of harassment. Suppliers shall not threaten workers with or subject them to harsh or inhumane treatment, including sexual harassment, sexual abuse, corporal punishment, mental coercion, physical coercion, verbal abuse or unreasonable restrictions on entering or exiting company provided facilities.Prevention of Involuntary Labor Suppliers shall not use any form of forced, bonded, indentured, or prison labor. All work must be voluntary and workers shall be free to leave work or terminate their employment with reasonable notice. Workers must not be required to surrender any government-issued identification, passports, or work permits as a condition of employment. Suppliers shall ensure that third party labor agencies providing workers are compliant with the provisions of the Code and sending country and receiving country laws, whichever is more stringent in its protection of workers.Suppliers shall ensure that contracts for both direct and contract workers clearly convey the conditions of employment in a language understood by the worker. Suppliers shall be responsible for payment of all fees and expenses in excess of the amount equal to one month of the worker’s anticipated net wages. Such fees and expenses include, but are not limited to expenses associated with recruitment, processing or placement of both direct and contract Workers. Prevention of Under Age Labor Child labor is strictly prohibited.Suppliers shall not employ children. The minimum age for employment or work shall be 15 years of age, the minimum age for employment in that country, or the age for completing compulsory education in that country, whichever is higher. This Code does not prohibit participation in legitimate workplace apprenticeship programs that are consistent with Article 6 of ILO Minimum Age Convention No. 138 or light work consistent with Article 7 of ILO Minimum Age Convention No. 138. Juvenile Labor Suppliers may employ juveniles who are older than the applicable legal minimum age for employment but are younger than 18 years of age, provided they do not perform work likely to jeopardize their heath, safety, or morals, consistent with ILO Minimum Age Convention No. 138. Working Hours Except in Emergency or Unusual Situations, a workweek shall be restricted to 60 hours, including overtime, workers shall be allowed at least one day off every seven-days, and overtime shall be voluntary.Under no circumstances will workweeks exceed the maximum permitted under applicable laws and regulations. Suppliers must offer vacation time, leave periods, and holidays consistent with applicable laws and regulations. Wages and Benefits Suppliers must pay all workers at least the minimum wage required by applicable laws and regulations and provide all legally mandated benefits. In addition to their compensation for regular hours of work, workers must be compensated for overtime hours a t the premium rate required by applicable laws and regulations. Suppliers shall not use deductions from wages as a disciplinary measure. Workers must be paid in a timely manner, and the basis on which workers are being paid must be clearly conveyed to them in a timely manner. Freedom of Association Suppliers must respect the right of workers to associate freely, form and join workers organizations of their own choosing, seek representation, and bargain collectively, as permitted by and in accordance with applicable laws and regulations.Suppliers shall not discriminate with respect to employment based on union membership and, in particular, shall not make employment subject to the condition that the worker relinquish union membership or agree not to join a union or cause the dismissal of or otherwise prejudice a worker by reason of union membership or participation in union activities outside working hours (or within working hours if the Supplier has consented to such activities or if required by applicable law or regulation).Suppliers must protec t against acts of interference with the establishment, functioning, or administration of workers’ organizations in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. Health and Safety Apple recognizes that integrating sound health and safety management practices into all aspects of business is essential to maintain high morale and produce innovative products. Suppliers must be committed to creating safe working conditions and a healthy work environment for all of their workers. Occupational Injury Prevention Suppliers must eliminate physical hazards where possible.Where physical hazards cannot be eliminated, Suppliers must provide appropriate engineering controls such as physical guards, interlocks, and barriers. Where appropriate engineering controls are not possible, Suppliers must establish appropriate administrative controls such as safe work procedures. In all cases, Suppliers must provide workers appropriate personal protective equipment. Workers must have the right to refuse unsafe working conditions without fear of reprisal until management adequately addresses their concerns.Prevention of Chemical Exposure Suppliers must identify, evaluate, and control worker exposure to hazardous chemical, biological, and physical agents. Suppliers must eliminate chemical hazards where possible. Where chemical hazards cannot be eliminated, Suppliers must provide appropriate engineering controls such as closed systems and ventilation. Where appropriate engineering controls are not possible, Suppliers must establish appropriate administrative controls such as safe work procedures. In all cases, Suppliers must provide workers appropriate personal protective equipment.Emergency Prevention, Preparedness, and Response Suppliers must anticipate, identify, and assess emergency situations and events and minimize their impact by implementing emergency plans and response procedures, including emergency reporting, worker notification and evacuation procedures, worker training and drills, appropriate first-aid supplies, appropriate fire detection and suppression equipment, adequate exit facilities, and recovery plans. Occupational Safety Procedures and Systems Suppliers must establish procedures and systems to manage, track, and report occupational injury and illness.Such procedures and systems should encourage worker reporting, classify and record injury and illness cases, investigate cases and implement corrective actions to eliminate their causes, provide necessary medical treatment, and facilitate the workers’ return to work. Ergonomics Suppliers must identify, evaluate, and control worker exposure to physically demanding tasks, including manual material handling, heavy lifting, prolonged standing, and highly repetitive or forceful assembly tasks. Dormitory and Dining Suppliers must provide workers with clean toilet facilities, access to potable water, and sanitary food preparation and storage facilities. Worker dormitories provided by the Supplier or a labor agent must be clean and safe and provide adequate emergency egress, adequate heat and ventilation, reasonable personal space, and reasonable entry and exit privileges. Communication In order to foster a safe work environment, Suppliers shall ensure that workers receive appropriate workplace health and safety information and training, including written health and safety information and warnings in the primary language f its workers. Suppliers must post Material Safety Data Sheets in the primary language of its workers for any hazardous or toxic substances used in the workplace and properly train workers who will come into contact with such substances in the workplace. Worker Health and Safety Committees Suppliers are encouraged to initiate and support worker health and saf ety committees to enhance ongoing health and safety education and to encourage worker input regarding health and safety issues in the workplace.The Environment At Apple, environmental considerations are an integral part of our business practices. Suppliers must be committed to reducing the environmental impact of their designs, manufacturing processes, and waste emissions. Hazardous Substance Management and Restrictions Suppliers must comply with the most recent version of Apple’s Regulated Substances Specification, 069-0135 and with any applicable laws and regulations prohibiting or restricting specific substances.To ensure safe handling, movement, storage, recycling, reuse, and disposal, Suppliers must identify and manage substances that pose a hazard if released to the environment and comply with applicable labeling laws and regulations for recycling and disposal. Wastewater and Solid Waste Emissions Wastewater and solid waste generated from operations, industrial processes, and sanitation facilities must be monitored, controlled, and treated as required by applicable laws and regulations before discharge or disposal.Air Emissions Air emissions of volatile organic chemicals, aerosols, corrosives, particulates, ozone depleting chemicals, and combustion by-products generated from operations must be characterized, monitored, controlled, and tre ated as required by applicable laws and regulations before discharge. Environmental Permits and Reporting Suppliers must obtain, maintain, and keep current all required environmental permits (e. g. discharge monitoring) and registrations and follow the operational and reporting requirements of such permits. Pollution Prevention and Resource Reduction Suppliers must endeavor to reduce or eliminate waste of all types, including water and energy, by implementing appropriate conservation measures in their facilities, in their maintenance and production processes, and by recycling, re-using, or substituting materials. Ethics Suppliers must be committed to the highest standards of ethical conduct when dealing with workers, suppliers, and customers. Corruption, Extortion, or Embezzlement Corruption, extortion, and embezzlement, in any form, are strictly prohibited.Suppliers shall not engage in corruption, extortion or embezzlement in any form and violations of this prohibition may result in immediate termination as an Apple Supplier and in legal action. Disclosure of Information Suppliers must disclose information regarding its business activities, structure, financial situation, and performance in accordance with applicable laws and regulations and prevailing industry practices. No Improper A dvantage Suppliers shall not offer or accept bribes or other means of obtaining undue or improper advantage.Fair Business, Advertising, and Competition Suppliers must uphold fair business standards in advertising, sales, and competition. Whistleblower Protection and Anonymous Complaints Suppliers must create programs to ensure the protection of Supplier and worker whistleblower confidentiality and prohibit retaliation against workers who participate in such programs in good faith or refuse an order that is in violation of the Apple Supplier Code of Conduct.Suppliers shall provide an anonymous complaint mechanism for workers to report workplace grievances in accordance with local laws and regulations. Community Engagement Suppliers are encouraged to engage the community to help foster social and economic development and to contribute to the sustainability of the communities in which they operate. Protection of Intellectual Property Suppliers must respect intellectual property rights; safeguard customer information; and transfer of technology and know-how must be done in a manner that protects intellectual property rights. Management SystemsSuppliers must adopt or establish a management system designed to ensure compl iance with this Code and applicable laws and regulations, identify and mitigate related operational risks, and facilitate continuous improvement. ISO 14001, OHSAS 18001, Eco Management and Audit System (EMAS) may be useful resources. The management system should contain the following elements: Company Commitment A corporate social and environmental responsibility statement affirming the Supplier’s commitment to compliance and continual improvement, to be posted in the primary local language at all of the Supplier’s worksites. Management Accountability and Responsibility Clearly identified company representatives responsible for ensuring implementation and periodic review of the status of the Supplier’s management systems. Legal and Customer Requirements A process to identify, monitor, and understand applicable laws and regulations and the additional requirements imposed by this Code. Supplier shall obtain, maintain and keep current a valid business license as required by applicable laws and regulations.Risk Assessment and Management A process to identify environmental, health and safety, business ethics, labor, human rights and legal compliance risks associated with their operations, determine the relative significance of each risk, and implement appropriate procedures and physical controls to ensure compliance and control the identified risks. Risk assessments for health and safety must include warehouse and storage facilities, plant and facility support equipment, laboratories and test areas, bat hrooms, kitchens, cafeterias, and worker housing.Performance Objectives with Implementation Plans and Measures Written standards, performance objectives, targets, and implementation plans, including a periodic assessment of the Supplier’s performance against those objectives. Training Programs for training managers and workers to implement the Supplier’s policies, procedures, and improvement objectives. Communication A process for communicating clear and accurate information about the Supplier’s performance, practices, and expectations to its workers, Suppliers, and customers.Worker Feedback and Participation An ongoing process to obtain feedback on processes and practices related to this Code and to foster continuous improvement. Audits and Assessments Periodic self-evaluations to ensure that the Supplier, its subcontractors and its next-tier Suppliers are complying with this Code and with applicable laws and regulations. Apple may visit (and/or have external monitors visit) Supplier facilities, with or without notice, to assess compliance with this Code and to audit Supplier’s wage, hour, payroll, and other worker records and practices.